The invention discloses a riverway pollution treatment device and treatment method. The riverway pollution treatment device comprises a bottom frame installed on a riverbed, a vertical plate is fixed to the top of the bottom frame, a top plate is fixed to the top of the vertical plate, a salvage box is vertically and slidably installed on the outer wall of the vertical plate, and an open groove is formed in the outer wall, extending out of the water surface, of the fishing box; a long groove is formed in the top of the salvage box, a gear is rotationally installed on the inner wall of the long groove through a rotating shaft, a toothed plate is fixed to the bottom of a top plate located above the gear, a torsional spring arranged on the rotating shaft in a sleeving mode is installed between the gear and the long groove, and a groove is formed in the outer wall of the gear located in the salvage box. And a filter plate is fixed in the groove, and an arc surface block is fixed to the inner bottom of the salvage box. Through cooperation of the structures, the effect of automatically salvaging, filtering and collecting floating garbage in a river channel is achieved, meanwhile, the oxygenation effect on water in the river channel is achieved, the water quality can be improved, and the oxygen enrichment capacity of the water can be improved.