The invention relates to high-elasticity strong-hydroscopicity chitosan sponge allowing normal-temperature drying and a preparation method thereof. Through glutaraldehyde crosslinking foaming curing of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol, sulfuric acid plastification, hydroscopicity improvement by 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and glycerin, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) softening, the high-elasticity strong-hydroscopicity chitosan sponge is prepared. The raw materials comprise chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, sulfuric acid, PEG, AMPS, glutaraldehyde, a foaming agent, glycerin and water. Compared with the existing sponge, the high-elasticity strong-hydroscopicity chitosan sponge has the advantages of good mechanical strength, permeability, fast liquid-absorption rate, ultra-strong liquid-absorption multiplying power, softness after liquid absorption, good elasticity, normal temperature drying, energy saving, good biocompatibility, simple processes, low cost and environmental friendliness (biodegradability), and can be used as biomedical materials for wound healing, sterilization and bleeding stopping.