The invention discloses a railway wagon triangular hole foreign matter rapid detection method, relates to the technical field of railway vehicle fault diagnosis, and aims at solving the problems thatin the prior art, when whether foreign matter is carried in a triangular hole area or not is judged through manual inspection, missing detection and wrong detection are likely to happen, and the detection accuracy and efficiency are difficult to guarantee. Manual detection is replaced with an automatic image recognition mode, the operation standard is unified and is not affected by personnel quality and responsibility any more, the operation quality is effectively improved, the detection stability and accuracy are improved, the health of workers is improved, and the detection efficiency is improved. A result predicted by an image recognition algorithm cannot completely guarantee that the result is certainly located at a triangular hole part and has a false alarm probability, and at the moment, according to the position characteristics of the triangular hole part, template matching is carried out according to shadows, so that the hole position of the triangular hole can be effectively found, the adopted template is an annular template, and positioning of foreign matters at the shadow and the position of the shadow can be effectively assisted.