462 results about "Cervical vertebral column" patented technology

The invention specifically discloses an automatic generation method for a cervical vertebra disease rehabilitation prescription, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a cervical vertebra image feature automatic measurement system based on computer vision and deep learning, so as to monitor the training motion quality of a patient in real time, and obtaining the kinematics parameters of rehabilitation exercise training; acquiring a medical image and clinical data of a patient, and standardizing the medical image to construct a standard space of a multi-modal medical image; performing automatic segmentation and anatomical structure calibration on a vertebral body-intervertebral disc based on the standard space to obtain fusion image features; and constructing a multi-modal hierarchical decision model fusing the image features, the kinematics parameters and the clinical data to carry out quantitative analysis on pathological feature parameters, and outputting a standardized illness state assessment result conforming to international clinical guidelines. The dynamic optimization of the treatment scheme can be realized through a feedback mechanism, and the treatment effect is improved.

The invention discloses a cloud intelligent cervical vertebra rehabilitation pillow based on posture induction self-adaptive adjustment and a control method, and relates to the technical field of intelligent home and health monitoring. The method comprises the following steps: calibrating and generating a target steady-state equipotential plane model, wherein the target steady-state equipotential plane model is used for representing a preset mapping relation between a posture load vector of a user and a target support vector; continuously collecting real-time attitude load vectors of the user; determining a target support vector at a current moment based on the real-time attitude load vector and the target steady-state equipotential plane model; and in response to the target support vector at the current moment and a real-time support vector at the current moment, executing a support vector titration operation on a multi-domain pneumatic support matrix so as to drive the real-time support vector to approach the target support vector. The problem that in the prior art, the supporting state is fixed and cannot adapt to sleeping posture changes is solved, and the accuracy and comfort of cervical vertebra supporting are improved.

The invention discloses a pillow regulation and control method self-adaptive to cervical vertebra flexion and shoulder width and application of the pillow regulation and control method to a pillow, and relates to the technical field of sleeping posture regulation. The method comprises the steps of registering a three-dimensional contour point cloud through an ICP algorithm, calculating a neck curvature value, establishing a multiple linear regression model in combination with a pressure gradient change curve and a pressure peak offset, and realizing quantitative correlation between pressure data and a cervical vertebra inclination angle; based on the curvature change amplitude and shoulder breadth classification, a personalized model is constructed; and through attitude monitoring and pressure feedback, a real-time optimization instruction is generated. A target displacement error is set, and correction is stopped after the bending degree reaches the standard continuously for three times; pre-storing a medical-level support parameter library; multi-user switching is achieved through pressure feature and head contour double verification, and physical compression emergency stop is set. According to the method, through multi-source data fusion, scientific model construction and dynamic closed-loop control, the personalization and safety of pillow supporting are improved, and the method is suitable for people with sub-health cervical vertebrae and multi-user scenes.

The utility model relates to an adjustable cervical vertebra fixing traction brace which comprises a front half neck support and a rear half neck support. A lower jaw support is arranged on the top of the front half neck support, and sliding protection plates are arranged on the two sides of the lower jaw support respectively. The end, away from the lower jaw support, of the sliding protection plate is further provided with a sliding arc groove. The sliding protection plate is movably connected with the neck front half support through a sliding shaft; an arc-shaped strip with teeth and a height adjusting knob are fixedly mounted on the front half neck support, and an inflating device is further arranged on the rear half neck support; the adjustable neck support has the advantages that the height of the lower jaw support on the front half neck support can be adjusted, and the adjustable neck support can be used by patients with different neck lengths; the arrangement of the fence through holes and the hollowed-out air holes can facilitate ventilation and perspiration of the neck, so that skin diseases and pressure sores caused by the fact that the interior is not ventilated are avoided; meanwhile, the inflation device is arranged, so that traction treatment on the patient can be achieved, and the comfort of the patient can be improved.

The invention provides an orthodontic skull lateral film cervical vertebra image segmentation method and system. According to the method, an orthodontic skull side position film image to be processed is obtained, a target image area containing a second cervical vertebra, a third cervical vertebra and a fourth cervical vertebra is determined, then image preprocessing is carried out on the target image area to obtain a standardized input image, then the standardized input image is input into a CNN-Transformer fusion segmentation network for segmentation reasoning, and the image is obtained. According to the method, the centrum segmentation masks of the second cervical vertebra, the third cervical vertebra and the fourth cervical vertebra are output, and finally, the segmentation result is output based on the centrum segmentation masks, so that the segmentation result is output based on the centrum segmentation masks, and a repeatable and traceable objective basis can be provided for subsequent morphological parameter extraction and bone age / maturity quantitative evaluation; the subjective deviation and time cost of manual sketching are practically reduced, and the segmentation consistency and availability under the cross-individual and cross-equipment condition are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical equipment, in particular to an angle-adaptive anterior cervical dilator. An auxiliary plier body is connected with a main plier body. The plurality of supporting rods are mounted at respective working ends; the self-adaptive opening assembly is used for automatically adjusting and fixing according to the intervertebral space of a patient, and comprises a sliding adjusting part which is fixed on the main forceps body and is used for opening the main forceps body and the auxiliary forceps body in a semicircular rotating direction; the hydraulic triggering part is installed in the main clamp body and acts on the sliding adjusting part so that the main clamp body and the auxiliary clamp body can be locked after the cervical vertebra of the patient is opened. The clamping blocks are driven through the hydraulic action to lock the piston block located in the inner cavity of the clamp body, and then the main clamp body and the auxiliary clamp body fix the intervertebral space at the current opening distance; the clamping distance adjusting assembly is designed, the auxiliary supporting rod and the ratchet bar are combined with the locking block with the rack structure to fix the auxiliary supporting rod, and the fixing device has the advantages of being good in fixing effect, high in flexibility and convenient to use.

The invention discloses a manufacturing method of a 3D printing guide plate for a cervical vertebra single-door operation, and relates to the technical field of crossing of medical auxiliary instruments and additive manufacturing. Firstly, a cervical vertebra CT data three-dimensional reconstruction skeleton model is obtained, an operation scheme is virtually planned, then a navigation template digital prototype is generated through parameterization, finite element simulation optimization is carried out, and a three-dimensional 3D printing guide plate for the cervical vertebra single-door operation is obtained. Printing with the biocompatible resin by using light curing equipment, and finally treating to obtain a final product. According to the method, a high-precision cervical vertebra skeleton model is generated through CT thin-layer scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction, parameters of a hinge area, a door opening groove line and a nail path are determined through virtual planning, and the problem that damage or positioning deviation is easily caused due to the fact that a traditional operation depends on experience is solved; constructing a navigation template attaching curved surface by a specific algorithm, reserving a soft tissue compensation gap, matching with a hollow window bulge to limit the depth of an abrasion drill, controlling the deformation of a guide plate through finite element simulation and topological optimization, selecting specific resin to ensure the stability, ensuring the suitability by virtue of virtual registration and standardized manufacturing, and improving the accuracy, safety and efficiency of an operation.

The invention relates to the technical field of cervical vertebra rehabilitation systems, and discloses an intelligent self-adaptive cervical vertebra rehabilitation system. The system comprises a multi-mode sensing unit which synchronously collects form data and soft tissue data of the cervical vertebra of a user through an optical mark point array and an ultrasonic probe array to generate a multi-source sensing data set; the intelligent analysis unit constructs a cervical vertebra dynamic mechanical model by using a graph convolutional neural network based on the multi-source sensing data set, analyzes a cervical vertebra joint coupling relation and stress distribution, and generates an analysis parameter set; the strategy generation unit generates a personalized rehabilitation strategy according to the analysis parameter set, the personalized rehabilitation strategy comprises an action sequence and an impedance adjustment parameter, and a strategy instruction set is formed; the dynamic control unit responds to the strategy instruction set and combines muscle activity data fed back by the electromyographic signal sensor in real time to adjust an execution strategy and generate a control command set; and the flexible driving unit drives the soft robot outer skeleton to perform multi-axis linkage rehabilitation training based on the control command set.

A neck traction fixing device comprises an elastic supporting part, an adjusting assembly is arranged in the elastic supporting part and comprises an outer shell, an upper supporting frame, a lower supporting frame, a transmission assembly and a rotary adjusting part, the upper supporting frame and the lower supporting frame are arranged in the outer shell in an up-down staggered mode, and the transmission assembly is connected between the upper supporting frame and the lower supporting frame in an engaged mode; the rotary adjusting part comprises an adjusting plate and a rotary cover body, a mounting groove is formed in the front face of the outer shell, a rigid tooth-shaped surface is arranged on the inner edge of the mounting groove, and a concave notch is formed in the outer wall of the adjusting plate. The elastic supporting part is arranged for protecting the cervical vertebra; by arranging the adjusting assemblies capable of moving independently, the elastic supporting part can conduct independent traction and fixation on the left side, the right side and the rear side of the neck, especially for a patient with the torticollis, neck muscle groups at different positions of the neck can be stretched, neck muscle tension can be relieved, and the torticollis orthopedic effect is more remarkable.

The invention belongs to the technical field of nursing pillows, and discloses a pillow with a good shoulder and neck nursing effect, the pillow comprises a neck pillow, the middle part of the inner cavity of the neck pillow is movably sleeved with a high-resilience sponge, and the left side and the right side of the inner cavity of the neck pillow are movably sleeved with filling sponges. The neck pillow, the filling sponge and the pillows are arranged, when an operator uses the neck pillow, the neck pillow surrounds the neck, then the first buttons and the second buttons are clamped, and therefore the whole neck pillow is worn, when the operator lies flat, the back side of the head is located between the two pillows, and the back side of the head is located between the two pillows; the high-resilience sponge and the filling sponge can support the cervical vertebra so that the cervical vertebra can be protected, the whole neck pillow can rotate along with turning over of an operator when the operator lies on the side, the pillow can fill a gap between the head and a bed, compression on the shoulders and the neck is reduced, and the comfort of the operator is improved. And therefore, the problems of noble bags and shoulder inner buckles are relieved, the sleep quality is improved, and a human body has a better posture.

The invention provides an intelligent assessment method for cervical lateral deviation based on multi-modal fusion and deep learning, and solves the technical problems of single data source, weak feature generalization ability and large assessment result error caused by only analysis of a static single frame in existing cervical lateral deviation assessment. The method comprises the steps of obtaining multi-modal data, performing preprocessing, attitude normalization and feature weighted fusion to obtain fused multi-scale features, performing mapping to generate a heat map, and performing peak retrieval on the heat map to output key points; tracking time sequence tracks of the key points, correcting abnormal key points, and collecting continuous multi-frame key points for key point detection to obtain target key points; and constructing a cervical vertebra trunk coupling mechanical model, dynamically optimizing a gravity line reference axis, correcting pelvic inclination attitude deviation, and optimally solving the optimal offset through a Lagrange multiplication method and a least square method. The method can be widely applied to the technical field of medical image analysis and computer-aided diagnosis.

1. The name of the design product: Cervical vertebra massager (RD-A136). 2. The use of the design product: for massaging cervical vertebra. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo best indicating the design points: perspective view 1.

The utility model relates to the technical field of medical rehabilitation, in particular to a cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra and lumbar vertebra of a spine of a human body have various diseases, and when medical staff carry out treatment, patients are often suggested to support injured parts by using some appliances or other methods, so that the injured parts return to the physiological curvature which is naturally grown by the human body. However, existing appliances in the medical field are not good in effect, in order to solve the technical problem, the technical scheme is that the combined three-vertebra rehabilitation pillow comprises a bottom cushion, a pillow cushion, a lumbar vertebra cushion, a cervical vertebra cushion and a binding belt, when a user is supported to be in a supine state, the cervical vertebra, the thoracic vertebra and the lumbar vertebra return to the physiological bending degree at the same time, and the cervical vertebra, the thoracic vertebra and the lumbar vertebra return to the physiological bending degree. And a stretching (or relaxing) state is formed under the action of gravity, so that conditions are created for maintaining the health of the spine of a human body and removing injuries and diseases of the spine.

The invention belongs to the technical field of bionic robots, and provides a bionic neck elastic connecting structure of a simulated humanoid robot, which comprises a latticed supporting structure arranged around the periphery of a cervical vertebra bionic section, and a spiral elastic assembly arranged between the cervical vertebra bionic section and the latticed supporting structure; the spiral elastic assembly comprises round strip spiral units and flat strip spiral units which are arranged around the periphery of the cervical vertebra bionic section and are alternately arranged; each spiral ring of the round bar spiral units and each spiral ring of the flat bar spiral units are connected with the latticed supporting structure through a plurality of connecting pieces. The composite elasticity of neck muscles and ligaments is simulated, the round bar spiral unit mainly provides radial support and torsion restoring force, the flat bar spiral unit provides higher bending rigidity and stable lateral support during bending, and the round bar spiral unit and the flat bar spiral unit work cooperatively to realize complex nonlinear rigidity and multi-degree-of-freedom movement close to the neck of a human body.

The invention discloses a cervical curvature judgment method based on in-vitro photographing. The method comprises the following steps: preprocessing an original neck in-vitro image of a user to obtain an equalized image; determining a single local feature of each pixel at different positions under different convolution sums; extracting a previous-layer feature map in the single local features through U-Net, and performing segmentation to obtain a current-layer feature map; performing up-sampling operation on the current-layer feature map to obtain a prediction size of the front-layer feature map, and determining cross entropy loss in combination with the prediction size; a key point set in the original neck in-vitro image is extracted through a total loss function, and the total length of a fitting curve is calculated; determining the curve of the cervical vertebra shape according to the total length of the fitting curve; determining the curvature of the position of the key point in the key point set and the correction length of the curve of the cervical vertebra shape; therefore, the degree of cervical curvature abnormity is determined. According to the invention, a deep learning technology is combined, and doctors are assisted in diagnosis in a radiation-free manner.

The utility model relates to a cervical traction chair which comprises a chair frame, a seat plate, a chest pillow and a head pillow, the chest pillow and the head pillow are installed on the chair frame through a chest pillow adjusting device and a head pillow adjusting device respectively, the head pillow adjusting device comprises a head pillow bracket, a head pulling block is arranged on the head pillow bracket in a sliding mode, a neck pulling shaft is arranged above the top end of the head pulling block, and the neck pulling shaft is connected with the seat plate. A pull rope rod is arranged below the bottom end of the headrest bracket, a pull rope shaft is rotatably arranged at the top end of the headrest bracket, and a containing cavity used for containing the face of a user is formed in the headrest. When the cervical traction chair is used for carrying out cervical traction on a patient, the patient sits on the seat plate and lies on the chest pillow, the face of the patient is placed in the containing cavity, the comfort degree of semi-prostrate body position traction is higher than that of sitting vertical body traction, and the patient can insist in long-term traction; and the problem that the back of the patient is unconsciously bent during traction during sitting traction is solved, and the traction effect is good.

The utility model discloses an electric cervical vertebra comfortable massager, including shell, flexible cladding, control panel and elevating gear, the shell is including fixed casing and movable bracket, and the movable bracket can be up and down lift activity and is established on fixed casing, the flexible cladding cladding the shell, the control panel is located in fixed casing, the elevating gear is electric screw rod type elevating gear, and the elevating gear is electric connection with control panel, and the elevating gear drives movable bracket up and down lift activity. Through adopting electric screw rod type elevating gear, utilize electric screw rod type elevating gear drive movable bracket up and down lift activity, replaced the traditional air pump or motor gear rack mode, make the process of lift adjustment not produce greater noise, very mute, thereby greatly improve the user's use experience.

The cervical vertebra tractor comprises a traction frame and a traction rope, a telescopic frame is fixed to the right side of the traction frame, a telescopic rod is movably installed in the telescopic frame, the top end of the telescopic rod is movably connected with a frame rod through a limiting rotating shaft, and fixed pulleys I are installed at the two ends of the frame rod; a guide rod used for fixing the fixed pulley II is further installed on the right side of the telescopic frame. A head traction belt hung on the head can be kept stable through a sliding rod, the situation that the head of a patient swings at will during correction, the traction effect is affected, and the head is kept stable is avoided, tightening or loosening of a traction rope is achieved through winding of adjusting equipment, and the height of the head traction belt is adjusted; therefore, adaptation to heights and requirements of different patients is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of massage equipment, in particular to a neck and shoulder kneading and clamping machine core. A neck and shoulder kneading and clamping machine core comprises a shell, two groups of shoulder clamping mechanisms and a driving mechanism for driving the shoulder clamping mechanisms to work are arranged in the shell, the driving mechanism comprises two transmission rods, each group of shoulder clamping mechanisms comprises a first clamping arm and a second clamping arm, the first clamping arm is arranged on one transmission rod, and the second clamping arm is arranged on the other transmission rod. The second clamping arm is arranged on the other transmission rod, and the first clamping arm and the second clamping arm are controlled by the transmission rods to conduct clamping and releasing actions. The device has the advantages that the cervical vertebra rubbing and clamping function and the shoulder clamping function are separated, and the real shoulder clamping function is further achieved.

The cervical traction device comprises a base, a rack, a first electric push rod, a second electric push rod and a traction rope, the rack is rotationally arranged on the base, the first electric push rod is installed on the base, and the end, away from the base, of the first electric push rod is hinged to the rack; an adjustable cantilever is arranged at the top end of the rack, a second electric push rod is arranged on the rack, a force sensor is connected between the telescopic end of the second electric push rod and the cantilever, a supporting rod is arranged in the cantilever, a locking handle for adjusting displacement of the supporting rod is arranged at the end, away from the second push rod, of the cantilever, and a traction rope is installed at the tail end of the supporting rod. Traction hooks are connected to the lower ends of the traction ropes. The traction device has the effects of meeting the treatment requirements of a patient in different postures, achieving multi-angle personalized traction and improving the treatment comfort level.

The invention relates to the technical field of cervical vertebra adjuvant therapy, in particular to a pain department cervical vertebra adjuvant therapy device which comprises a base, a connecting seat mounted on the base and a seat mounted on the connecting seat, a plurality of sliding ventilation grooves are symmetrically formed in the seat, and a headrest is mounted on the seat. A neck massage head is arranged at the position, below the headrest, of the seat, a neck elastic assembly is connected to the rear portion of the neck massage head, a transmission mechanism is arranged at the bottom of the seat, through the linkage design of the pedal driving mechanism and the transmission mechanism, when a patient actively steps on the pedal plates, precise massage is conducted on related acupuncture points, and meanwhile, the massage effect is good. The body posture can be adjusted through the leg lifting action, the neck can be better attached to the neck massage head, the composite curative effect of active movement and passive massage is formed, the design breaks through the limitation of traditional equipment and passive massage of a single part, and the comprehensiveness and durability of treatment are remarkably improved.

The cervical vertebra curvature rehabilitation corrector structurally comprises a main body and a cervical vertebra supporting structure, and the main body and the cervical vertebra supporting structure are fixed in an attached mode; a main body comprises a supporting body, two swing plate pieces, anti-scraping supporting cloth and a supporting cloth strip, the two sides of the supporting body are connected with the cervical vertebra supporting structure, and the two swing plate pieces are arranged at the two ends of the inner side of the supporting body respectively. Meanwhile, the swing plates can swing through positioning of the clamping blocks, then the two swing plates can support the anti-scraping supporting cloth to swing upwards, the rehabilitation and correction effect on the cervical vertebra is achieved, the control panel can control the swing amplitude of the swing plates according to different gears, and then the cervical vertebra rehabilitation and correction device can be used by cervical spondylosis patients with different illness states.

The utility model relates to the field of electric cervical traction devices, in particular to an electric cervical traction device with a cervical curvature correction function, which comprises a support base, a pillow, a traction belt, a storage groove, an electric push rod, a push plate and a moving component. A pillow is arranged above the supporting base, a traction belt is arranged above the pillow, two storage grooves which are opposite left and right are formed in the supporting base, electric push rods are installed in the storage grooves, a push plate is arranged below the pillow, the push plate is fixedly connected to the output ends of the electric push rods, and a moving assembly is arranged on the supporting base; the storage groove is formed in the supporting base, the electric push rod is installed in the storage groove, the storage groove can wrap the electric push rod and protect the electric push rod, the output end of the electric push rod can stretch out and draw back, and the output end of the electric push rod can push the push plate and the pillow cushion above the push plate to move upwards and is matched with the traction belt to change the cervical vertebra curvature of a patient. And correction is carried out.

The utility model relates to the technical field of furniture, and discloses a multifunctional combined mattress which comprises a non-slip mat, a first mattress, a second mattress, a third mattress and a fourth mattress are sequentially installed on the top of the non-slip mat from front to back, shells are installed between the second mattress and the first mattress and between the second mattress and the third mattress, elastic fabric is fixedly connected to the tops of the shells, and the elastic fabric is arranged on the top of the non-slip mat. A fixing block is fixedly connected to the middle of the shell, a two-way threaded rod is rotationally connected to the middle of the fixing block, one end of the two-way threaded rod penetrates through the shell and is fixedly connected with a rotary knob, and a threaded block is in threaded connection to the periphery of the two-way threaded rod. According to the utility model, firstly, the knob is rotated to drive the bidirectional threaded rod to rotate, so that the two threaded blocks move at the same time, and the spring layer and the filling layer are jacked up through the inclined strut, so that the filling layer can support the cervical vertebra and the lumbar vertebra of people, and the spine of the filling layer keeps a correct physiological curve when people lie flat; the pressure on the spine in daily life is relieved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of cervical vertebra therapeutic apparatuses, and discloses a cervical vertebra therapeutic apparatus with a hot compress function, which comprises a therapeutic apparatus main body, a supporting rod, a hot compress assembly, a rotating assembly and a clamping assembly, supporting rods are arranged at the ends of the two sides of the therapeutic apparatus body, the hot compress assembly is arranged in the therapeutic apparatus body, the rotating assemblies are arranged at the ends of the two sides of the therapeutic apparatus body, and the clamping assemblies are arranged at the ends of the supporting rods. According to the utility model, the rotating assembly is arranged, so that the supporting rods at the two sides of the therapeutic apparatus main body can rotate around the rotating shaft, the therapeutic apparatus is convenient to fold, and the problems of inconvenient storage and large occupied space of the therapeutic apparatus in the prior art are solved; hot compress cotton in the hot compress assembly is clamped with a fixing groove through a clamping head and is fixed through a hook-and-loop fastener, and replacement and maintenance are convenient; a clamping rod and a fixing rod in the clamping assembly are connected with the therapeutic apparatus body through a second rotating shaft, a fixing protruding head at the end of the clamping rod is matched with a second fixing groove in the fixing rod, and the use stability is improved.

The invention discloses a pair of corrective glasses for preventing cervical fatigue and a control method thereof, and the method comprises the steps: controlling the communication between different metal conductive heads of transparent conductive films at the two sides of a grating film in a lens combination of the glasses, and regulating and controlling the grating angle of the lens combination; according to the technical scheme, blurred vision correction and eye using posture correction can be conducted on the user, the cervical vertebra burden of the user can be relieved in the application scene that the user needs to lower the head to observe a close-range object, and cervical vertebra fatigue of the user is effectively prevented.

The utility model discloses a portable dual-purpose cervical vertebra repairing and correcting pillow which comprises a pillow body filled with flowable filler. The pillow-shaped adjusting piece is arranged in the middle of the pillow body and used for adjusting the shape of the pillow body so that the pillow body can be converted between a conventional square pillow shape and a correction shape, wherein the middle of the correction shape is columnar, and the two sides of the correction shape are oval-like supporting structures higher than the columnar shape. In the correcting state, the cervical vertebra of a patient can be clamped and fixed to the columnar part, and the ellipse-like supporting structure is used for supporting the gap of the rear pillow part of the patient, the gap from the neck to the scapula part and the two sides of the head, so that the correcting pillow body can help the hemiplegia and spinal cord injury patient to fix the head and can also well fit the physiological curvature of the cervical vertebra; neck discomfort symptoms of people with neck and shoulder discomfort are relieved; when the pillow body is in the shape of a conventional square pillow, the conventional use requirements of a user can be met.

The utility model relates to the field of bedding articles. A detachable cervical vertebra stretching product with an embedded cylinder is characterized by comprising a square first pillow and a cylindrical second pillow, the first pillow is provided with a containing cavity with an outward opening, and the second pillow is detachably embedded into the containing cavity. The pillow not only can be used for stretching the cervical vertebra, but also can be used for sleeping.

1. The name of the design product: cervical pillow (2). 2. The use of the design product: for pillow and protect cervical vertebra. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: perspective view.

1. The name of the design product: U-shaped pillow (MJ-6359). 2. The use of the design product: for supporting head and neck, protecting cervical vertebra. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: perspective view.