The invention discloses a supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing system and a supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing method for producing shale gas. The system comprises a storage tank, a booster pump, a heater, a cooler, a solid separator, a liquid separator, an air compressor and other accessories. The method comprises the steps that sufficient liquid carbon dioxide is stored in the storage tank before fracturing; carbon dioxide is heated to 31.1-120 DEG C by the heater, forms a supercritical state after boosted by the booster pump, and enters a fracturing site through a shaft; and a fractured medium is subjected to solid impurity separation by the solid separator and liquid impurity separation by the liquid separator, is finally cooled by the cooler to the storage temperature of the storage tank, and returns to the storage tank. The fracturing medium of the fracturing method can be recycled, so that the method has a good application prospect.