The invention discloses an aerial image rapid matching algorithm based on multi-characteristic Hash learning. The method is characterized by according to a course overlap rate of an aerial image, selecting a matched area, extracting a characteristic point in the matched area and acquiring a characteristic point set; carrying out multi-characteristic description on the acquired characteristic point so as to acquire a characteristic vector; through a nuclear method, mapping the characteristic vector to an uniform nuclear space; selecting training sample data, in the nuclear space, learning a binary system Hash code of a sample characteristic point and generating a Hash function; and according to the Hash function, carrying out binary system Hash code description on the characteristic point extracted from the matched area, and in a Hamming space, according to a Hamming distance, carrying out rapid matching. In the invention, multi-characteristic fusion and a Hash learning method are adopted, and the characteristic point is expressed in a binary system Hash code form; problems that calculating is complex and a matching speed is slow by using a traditional floating point type characteristic descriptor are overcome, and a characteristic matching method is simplified; and compared to a characteristic descriptor of a single characteristic, by using the method of the invention, high distinguishing performance is possessed, the matching speed is fast and accuracy is high.