Disclosed herein are methods for utilizing and forming suspension cultures of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and differentiated cells, spheroids, and organoids derived from PSCs (e.g., with industrial efficiency and / or
scalability), as well as compositions comprising them. These methods can be carried out in
suspension culture without the use of a
basement membrane matrix during the maintenance and expansion of PSCs, and during the differentiation of PSCs into differentiated cells and organoids, such as
endoderm (DE), hindgut spheroids (HGS), and intestinal organoids (IO). In some embodiments, the methods may be xenofree and may be carried out in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Also disclosed herein are methods for controlling the polarity of epithelial cells in IOs, such that the apical layer is oriented outside the
organoid, or alternatively inside the
organoid. The use of methods and compositions for
transplantation and therapeutic purposes is also disclosed.