71 results about "Neural Pathway" patented technology

The invention relates to the field of medical dynamic monitoring, in particular to a dynamic monitoring system for a spinal cord injury reconstruction process. Comprising an acquisition and fusion module, a dynamic modeling module, a function evaluation module and an adaptation control module. According to the system, nerve and muscle electrophysiological signals are collected through a wearable surface electrode and a flexible microelectrode array, timing sequence errors are corrected in combination with a calibration sample, and multi-modal signal fusion is achieved. And constructing a topological sequence and time sequence dependence structure, and extracting an incubation period, an activation gradient and response dispersion by adopting a time sequence convolutional network. And identifying function transition and abnormal compensation behaviors through a function evaluation module, and outputting a neural pathway response sequence diagram. And the sampling frequency, the feature weight and the evaluation period are dynamically adjusted based on a Bayesian optimization strategy, and self-adaptive optimization of the monitoring strategy is realized. Therefore, precise modeling and efficient tracking of the neural pathway function reconstruction process are realized.

The invention discloses a system and method for performing cranial nerve stimulation based on olfaction, hearing and synchronous magnetomotive stimulation, and the system comprises a magnetic therapy bearing main body which is a magnetic therapy helmet, serves as a basic bearing structure of the system, and is used for installing all functional assemblies, providing magnetic therapy physical auxiliary stimulation, and achieving the cooperation of magnetic therapy and multi-mode stimulation; the olfactory stimulation subsystem is used for providing olfactory stimulation with precise regulation and control; the auditory stimulation subsystem is used for providing personalized audio stimulation; the magnetomotive stimulation subsystem is used for providing magnetomotive stimulation; the nerve stimulation cooperation subsystem is used for planning multi-mode stimulation as a whole and achieving regulation and control. Through the synergistic effect of olfactory stimulation, auditory stimulation and magnetomotive stimulation, three major neural pathways of olfactory, auditory and somatosensory can be activated at the same time, multi-dimensional nerve resonance is formed, the brain wave synchronization degree is remarkably improved, and the adjuvant therapy effect on Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment and other diseases is superior to that of single-mode stimulation.

The invention provides a hand rehabilitation training glove and system based on electromyographic signal guidance and pressure feedback, and the glove comprises a flexible glove main body which is made of an elastic material, is designed to fit the anatomical structure of a human hand, and is used for collecting bioelectrical signals generated by the remaining hand and forearm muscles of a patient when the patient actively intends to generate power; the embedded signal processing module is used for carrying out amplification, filtering, noise reduction and analog-to-digital conversion processing on the collected original electromyographic signals; and the main control unit is used for calculating time domain and frequency domain characteristic values of the electromyographic signals and identifying the motion intention of the patient based on a preset threshold value or an adaptive algorithm. Weak electromyographic signals are collected and processed in a high-precision mode and immediately converted into local touch pressure feedback corresponding to the functions of the weak electromyographic signals, neural pathway connection between the cerebral cortex and target muscles is enhanced, training interestingness and immersion and compliance of a patient are remarkably improved, and the training effect is improved. And key power is provided for continuous long-term rehabilitation training.

According to the intelligent green light phototherapy glasses and the intelligent adaptation method thereof, a narrow-band green light LED light source with the central wavelength being 530 + / -5 nm is adopted, and individualized pain management is achieved in combination with heart rate variability, electrodermal response and pupil dynamic monitoring. A multi-source sensor and a micro control panel are arranged in the glasses, physiological data are collected in real time, the illumination intensity, frequency and irradiation mode are dynamically adjusted through an artificial intelligence algorithm, and a closed-loop phototherapy control system is constructed. The device supports Bluetooth / Wi-Fi connection, interacts with a mobile terminal APP, and realizes data recording, curative effect evaluation and remote monitoring. The system has multiple safety mechanisms such as constant-current driving, temperature feedback, over-illumination protection and posture detection, and long-term wearing safety is ensured. Through the regulation effect of green light on pain neural pathways, a safe, portable and intelligent chronic pain non-drug treatment means is provided under the condition that daily activities are not interfered, and high compliance and a remarkable analgesic effect are achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of three-dimensional rendering, in particular to a neural pathway three-dimensional modeling and rendering method and system, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining diffusion tensor data to solve a main feature vector field, generating a fiber trajectory based on divergence step length adjustment and curl correction, reconstructing an abnormal segment by using curvature frequency to obtain a geometric model, and performing three-dimensional modeling and rendering on a neural pathway. And mapping geometric curvature characteristic values of the vertexes, attenuating transparency according to curvature difference values of adjacent depth layers, and synthesizing a neural pathway visual image. According to the method, space step length dynamic adjustment and tracking direction correction are achieved through divergence and rotation feature calculation by means of the main feature vector field, high-frequency disturbance paragraphs are recognized after a track point sequence is subjected to discrete curvature derivative change rate frequency distribution statistics, and model distortion caused by curvature sudden change is effectively corrected; in the rendering stage, saliency judgment is executed according to the curvature value difference between the depth layers, and regional control is performed on transparency, so that the rendering efficiency is optimized while structural details of the image are kept.

This application relates to the field of data processing technology, and in particular to a data fusion method and system based on neural pathways. The method includes the following steps: First, acquiring electroencephalogram (EEG) data and eye-tracking (EMT) data, aligning them using timestamps, and preprocessing them separately; then, extracting EEG features based on the preprocessed EEG data; extracting EMT features based on the preprocessed EMT data; next, fusion of features based on the EEG and EMT features by downsampling the data; finally, evaluating the synergy of the fused features. This application constructs a complete evaluation system by building a framework from a stimulus-visual paradigm to a signal acquisition platform and analysis methods related to neural structures. The time delay between the most relevant points in the time domain of eye-tracking and EEG features is used as an indicator of brain-eye synergy. The difference between these indicators has interpretability based on physiological structures, constituting a novel evaluation indicator for brain-eye synergy when assessing dynamic visual acuity.

The disclosed principles provide a system and method for improving brain health in a virtual reality environment. The system includes a virtual reality appliance and an artificial intelligence enabled program for providing and customizing the virtual reality environment with a treatment plan. The artificial intelligence enabled program includes an initial treatment phase wherein a user's baseline metrics are measured. Using these metrics, a treatment plan is created during a treatment plan development phase. The treatment plan is implemented during a treatment phase through a series of repeated mindfulness, cognitive, and physical exercises presented in a virtual reality environment. Data corresponding to the user's inputs during treatment is collected and stored. An artificial intelligence program analyzes user input data and modifies the treatment plan accordingly to optimize treatment. Treatment and evaluation and modification are alternately repeated according to the personalized, artificial intelligence-modified treatment plan to strengthen neural pathways.

A method and system for training an artificial neural network (ANN) is disclosed, specifically addressing the technical problem of training instability caused by randomly initialized weights. The invention introduces a novel, multi-phase training protocol executed by a processor. During an initial stabilization phase, the processor modifies the backpropagation of a weighted loss function by deprioritizing training on data from classes for which the ANN has a confidence level below a predetermined low threshold (e.g., less than or equal to 25 percent). This initial, focused training prevents erratic gradient updates to the weights of the network's layers, thereby forming stable and rigorous foundational neural pathways. Subsequent to the stabilization phase, a dynamic training phase commences where the network trains on the full dataset, with the training focus adjusted in real-time to reinforce the stable pathways. This protocol results in faster training convergence, a more robust final model, and improved accuracy, particularly for complex datasets, representing a significant technical improvement to the functioning of machine learning systems.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical treatment, and particularly discloses a training method for delaying development of Alzheimer's disease, which comprises the following steps: (a) a neural pathway activation stage: generating a dynamic three-dimensional space navigation task through a virtual reality system and displaying a color coding path to a patient; the method comprises the following steps: (c) a lymphatic driving stage: starting a 40Hz multi-mode stimulation combination after metabolic regulation reaches the standard, and (d) a closed-loop optimization stage: detecting saliva exosome A beta 42 concentration or EEG gamma wave power every two weeks, each time is 40 minutes every day, and the steps (a)-(b)-(c) are executed in sequence; neuropathology is improved, compared with the prior art, the hippocampus atrophy rate is remarkably reduced, the A beta 42 pathological deposition removal efficiency is high, and the white matter fiber integrity is improved; the cognitive function of the patient is enhanced, the space navigation capability is optimized, and the attention and work memory are improved.

Disclosed is an implantable device for controllably delivering a neural stimulus. The device comprises: a plurality of electrodes including one or more stimulus electrodes and one or more sense electrodes; a stimulus source configured to provide a neural stimulus to be delivered via the one or more stimulus electrodes to a neural pathway of a patient in order to evoke a neural response on the neural pathway; measurement circuitry configured to process a signal window sensed at the one or more sense electrodes subsequent to the delivered neural stimulus, the sensed signal window including an evoked neural response; and a control unit. The control unit is configured to: control the stimulus source to provide the neural stimulus according to a stimulus parameter; estimate, using a detector, a location of the evoked neural response within the sensed signal window; determine, based on the location of the evoked neural response within the sensed signal window, whether truncation of the evoked neural response by the sensed signal window is occurring; and mitigate, based on the determination, the truncation of the evoked neural response.

Disclosed is a neurostimulation system and method. A control unit controls a stimulus source to deliver neural stimuli via selected electrodes to a neural pathway according to a stimulus intensity parameter. An external computing device in communication with the neurostimulation device comprises a display and processor. The processor initialises the stimulus intensity parameter, and renders on the display a stimulation control and a graphical element adjacent the stimulation control. Upon user activation of the stimulation control, the processor ramps a value of the stimulus intensity parameter, while instructing the control unit to cause delivery of stimuli according to the ramping value of the stimulus intensity parameter. Upon user deactivation of the stimulation control, the processor ceases ramping the value of the stimulus intensity parameter. The graphical element is configured to dynamically indicate the ramping value of the stimulus intensity parameter; and indicate a discomfort threshold for the selected electrodes.

A formulation (12) that creates a hormonal response in the body through a topical application. The topical formulation (12) contains botanicals in the form of jasmine flower extract and carob fruit extract. The botanicals are mixed with phospholipids and peptides to promote the absorption of the botanicals into the skin. Once applied to the skin, the jasmine flower extract and the carob fruit extract induce a hormonal response in the body. The hormonal response stimulates the oxytocin neural pathways in the body. This causes the body to believe that oxytocin is present, therein triggering the release of oxytocin within the body. The presence of the oxytocin facilitates physical and pro-social psychological improvements that include an improved libido, improved self-esteem, and improved self-confidence.

The subject matter of the present disclosure generally relates to techniques for applying mechanical or ultrasound energy to a region of interest in a subject to induce modulation of one or more nerve pathways. The region of interest may include at least a portion of a nerve ganglion.

An electroacupuncture stimulation system comprises a first stimulation unit, a second stimulation unit and a control unit, the first stimulation unit is used for collecting sensing signals of a first stimulation area and conducting electrical stimulation on the first stimulation area, and the second stimulation unit is used for collecting sensing signals of a second stimulation area and conducting electrical stimulation on the second stimulation area. The control unit controls the first stimulation unit and the second stimulation unit to perform electrical stimulation according to the sensing signal; the control unit comprises a hierarchical collaboration module for distributing shedding target stimulation parameters, and the hierarchical collaboration module is divided into a sensing layer, a decision-making layer and an execution layer; the sensing layer uploads a sensing signal of a target spot to the decision-making layer in real time; the decision-making layer distributes stimulation parameters of a falling target spot based on a target spot position relevance method; the execution layer adjusts the adjacent target spot output stimulation parameters according to the instruction of the decision layer, and maintains the total stimulation energy consistent with the total stimulation energy before shedding. By utilizing the synergistic effect of multiple neural pathways, the pelvic floor muscle contraction function is enhanced, and the stimulation efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a lipophilic modified nucleic acid medicine composition and application thereof, the lipophilic modification is saturated or unsaturated C4-C30 alkyl, the composition comprises an absorption enhancer, and the method is that the lipophilic modified nucleic acid medicine is delivered to the brain through the nasal mucosa. Nucleic acid drugs are transmitted into the olfactory bulb region through a neural pathway, namely, cross-olfactory mucosa, bypass BBB and directly enter the brain, the drug concentration content of the olfactory bulb is far higher than that of other tissues of the brain, and the tissues except the olfactory bulb are uniformly distributed, so that the olfactory bulb can be used as a drug reservoir and gradually and slowly spread to the other tissues of the brain; the long-time drug effect can be maintained by one-time drug administration, so that the drug administration frequency can be reduced. Compared with intrathecal injection, by adopting the composition disclosed by the invention for nasal administration and using 1 / 2 of intrathecal administration dosage, the same intrathecal steady-state distribution as intrathecal distribution can be achieved, so that the method disclosed by the invention is safer, noninvasive and efficient.

The present application relates to a kind of myelin repair auxiliary method based on neural signal modeling.The method obtains the multi-modal neural signal data such as electroencephalogram signal of individual to be rehabilitated and is preprocessed, forms preprocessed data set;Subsequently, individualized time series modeling process is executed, and the time series characteristic representation including nerve conduction velocity recovery rate, phase consistency and neural pathway integrity is generated, and individualized calibration is carried out by dynamic baseline updating mechanism.The calibrated feature representation is input to the pre-trained deep learning inference engine.The inference engine outputs myelin repair index and imbalance risk score, which is used to represent the degree of repair and predict future abnormal risk.Based on the above index, a set of intervention parameters is generated, including electrical stimulation intervention parameters, virtual rehabilitation training task difficulty and rehabilitation training rhythm, and further forming control instructions to configure virtual rehabilitation training environment and electrical stimulation execution interface, so as to realize the individualized assistance and dynamic optimization of myelin regeneration repair.

The invention relates to a multi-mode eye-brain collaborative maintenance intelligent device, and belongs to the technical field of eye-brain nursing equipment.The device is provided with an impression stimulation module, the impression stimulation module stimulates mild energy of an impression acupoint, the mild energy can be directly conducted to a paranasal sinus olfactory bulb in the deep part of a nasal cavity, the area is the starting end of paranasal sinus nerves, the paranasal sinus nerves are branches of cranial nerves, and therefore the paranasal sinus acupoint can be stimulated; the neural pathway directly extends to brain hippocampus, brain marginal tissue, pituitary gland and other core structures related to neuronutrition and brain metabolism; after stimulation, the paranasal sinus olfactory bulb and paranasal sinus nerves are activated to form a neural pathway for targeted delivery of the atomized liquid, so that the atomized particles of the brain care liquid are adsorbed on the surface of the paranasal sinus olfactory bulb and permeate into the brain along the activated neural pathway, and meanwhile, the permeability of the blood brain barrier is improved, so that the delivery resistance of the atomized liquid to related functional areas of the brain is further reduced, and the targeted delivery of the atomized liquid is realized. Precise nutrition for cranial nerves is achieved, and the problem that brain maintenance is invalid due to the fact that conventional nasal cavity atomized liquid enters the lung is thoroughly solved.

The present disclosure provides a peripheral nerve signal acquisition method and system. The method includes: wearing a wearable device on a human wrist, disposing a perturbation unit in the wearable device, and applying mechanical perturbations perpendicular to a neural pathway to a skin surface during electrical stimulation cycles; under the action of the mechanical perturbations, acquiring a first signal, a second signal, and a third signal; performing multi-channel time-delay encoding on the first signal and the second signal to generate an interference signal set with temporal phase differences; constructing an artifact template signal associated with the electrical stimulation based on the third signal; performing artifact cancellation processing on the first signal and the second signal; and performing spatial analytical analysis in combination with a peripheral nerve pathway map, identifying an initiation site and a conduction pathway of peripheral nerve discharges, and outputting authentic discharge signals of the peripheral nerves.

Disclosed is an implantable device comprising a control unit and a regulator circuit. The control unit is configured to control, when the implantable device is in an active mode, a stimulus source, the stimulus source configured to deliver neural stimuli to a neural pathway of a patient via at least one stimulus electrode of a plurality of electrodes, the neural stimuli being configured to evoke neural responses from the neural pathway. The regulator circuit is connected via parasitic components to the plurality of electrodes at a connection point. The regulator circuit is configured to provide a high impedance to an AC voltage induced between a pair of the plurality of electrodes, the AC voltage resulting from application of an external oscillating electromagnetic field to the implantable device, wherein the high impedance is provided for a magnitude of the induced AC voltage that is below an activation voltage that is higher than a combined voltage drop across the parasitic components.

Device for the preventive blocking of neurotropic viruses in the peripheral nervous system, comprising a biochemical injection system for the localized release of a neurospecific binding molecule, a detection unit for the identification of viral particles in neuromuscular tissue, and a receptor bait structure for binding viral glycoproteins with affinity for neuronal receptors, characterized in that the device prevents retrograde axonal viral transmission without permanently impairing the conductivity of the nerve tissue.

The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for providing virtual feedback of a neural pattern to create a neural pathway corresponding to an action of an affected limb of a brain injury patient. Embodiments provide for detecting a neural pattern and determining a target action associated with the detected neural pattern. A virtual feedback is generated that includes a virtual action to be performed in a virtual representation of the affected limb. In embodiments, the brain injury may prevent the affected limb from performing the target action. The virtual representation of the affected limb is superimposed over a real-world presence of the affected limb such that the virtual representation is presented to the patient in lieu of the real-world presence, and the virtual action is performed in the virtual representation, such that the virtual action is presented to the patient in lieu of the target action in the real-world.

The invention discloses an external field generator, a probe based on external field driving and a neural electrode system. Wherein the neural electrode system comprises an external field generator and a probe which are in signal connection; the probe is used for being fixed in a designated brain area and collecting action potentials of neurons in the brain, and the probe is provided with a composite coating containing an external field response material and a conductive material. The external field generator is used for driving the external field response material in the composite coating to drive the conductive material to perform gradient migration along the short axis of the scar so as to form a continuous conductive micro-channel. The external field response conductive material is used between the glial cells to construct the conductive micro-channel, so that the insulated glial scar is converted into the artificial neural pathway, the total impedance of an electrode-tissue interface is reduced by a plurality of orders of magnitude, the fidelity of electroencephalogram signals is remarkably improved, and the service life of the electrode is prolonged.

An electro-acupuncture stimulation system comprises a first stimulation unit, a second stimulation unit and a control unit, the first stimulation unit is used for collecting a sensing signal of a first stimulation area and performing electro-acupuncture stimulation on the first stimulation area, the second stimulation unit is used for collecting a sensing signal of a second stimulation area and performing electro-acupuncture stimulation on the second stimulation area, and the control unit controls the first stimulation unit and the second stimulation unit to perform electro-acupuncture stimulation according to the sensing signals; the control unit comprises a hierarchical coordination module for distributing off-target stimulation parameters, which is divided into a perception layer, a decision layer and an execution layer; the perception layer uploads the sensing signals of the target points to the decision layer in real time; the decision layer distributes the stimulation parameters of the off-target points based on a target point position correlation method; and the execution layer adjusts the output stimulation parameters of the adjacent target points according to the instructions of the decision layer to maintain the total stimulation energy consistent with that before off-target. The present application utilizes the synergistic effect of multiple neural pathways to enhance the contraction function of the pelvic floor muscles and improve the stimulation efficiency.

Disclosed is an implantable device for controllably delivering neural stimuli. The device comprises: a plurality of electrodes including one or more stimulus electrodes and one or more measurement electrodes; a stimulus source configured to provide neural stimuli to be delivered via the one or more stimulus electrodes to a neural pathway of a patient in order to evoke neural responses from the neural pathway; measurement circuitry configured to capture signal windows sensed on the neural pathway via the one or more measurement electrodes subsequent to respective neural stimuli; and a control unit configured to: control the stimulus source to provide a neural stimulus according to a stimulus intensity parameter; and measure an intensity of an evoked neural response in a signal window capture subsequent to the provided neural stimulus by correlating the captured signal window with a template. The template is orthogonal to a predetermined artefact basis that models an artefact component in the captured signal window.

This invention provides a training device for limb rehabilitation, belonging to the field of rehabilitation therapy equipment technology. It includes a base plate, with a limb training component at one top end. The limb training component includes an L-shaped plate, an electric push rod on the side wall of the L-shaped plate, and a mounting plate fixedly connected to the telescopic end of the electric push rod. A foot pedal is elastically connected to the outer wall of the mounting plate. T-shaped blocks are symmetrically slidably connected to both sides of the top of the L-shaped plate. Locking bolts for locking the T-shaped blocks are provided on the L-shaped plate. A ties are located at the top of the T-blocks, with an elastic rope attached to the ties, and a hand loop attached to the other end of the elastic rope. In this invention, the patient sits on the cushion, steps on the elastic foot pedal with both feet, and pulls the hand loop with both hands. Through alternating flexion and extension movements of the upper and lower limbs, the central nervous system pathways are reconstructed. The upper and lower limbs are linked with the foot pedals via the elastic rope, simulating the coordinated movements of the limbs during daily walking. The limb linkage training enhances trunk stability and limb coordination through synchronized stepping and stretching movements.

Disclosed is a neural stimulation system comprising a neuromodulation device for controllably delivering neural stimuli, comprising a stimulus source configured to deliver neural stimuli via a stimulus electrode configuration (SEC) to a neural pathway of a patient, wherein a stimulus electrode configuration comprises one or more stimulus electrodes of a plurality of stimulus electrodes in an electrode array; a control unit configured to control the stimulus source to deliver interleaved neural stimuli via each of one or more candidate SECs at respective stimulus intensities and pulse widths; and a rechargeable battery configured to provide power to the stimulus source and the control unit. A processor estimates a single-charge life of the rechargeable battery of the neuromodulation device based on the one or more candidate SECs and their respective stimulus intensities and pulse widths.

Controlling a neural stimulus comprises applying the neural stimulus to a neural pathway in order to give rise to an evoked action potential on the neural pathway, the stimulus being defined by at least one stimulus parameter. A neural compound action potential response evoked by the stimulus is measured, and from the measured evoked response a feedback variable is derived. Loop backoff behaviour is adjusted by applying a non-identity function to the feedback variable to produce a revised feedback variable, and completing a feedback loop by using the revised feedback variable to control the at least one stimulus parameter so as to maintain the feedback variable at a setpoint. Additionally, or alternatively, loop gain can be adjusted in response to a change in the loop setpoint, and / or a logarithm of the stimulus parameter can be controlled.

The invention relates to the related technical field of vision regulation and control, in particular to a regulation and control device based on low-frequency flickering red light and a use method. The regulation and control device comprises a light source unit, a control unit, a carrier structure and an auxiliary module; the low-frequency flicker mode simulates the physiological rhythm of a visual system, the visual neural pathway and ciliary muscles are more easily activated compared with continuous light, the visual acuity improvement amplitude is improved by 30% or above compared with traditional red light equipment, and the adjustment lag is reduced by 25%; the nerve activation effect of the 40Hz frequency group is consistent with the PV neuron experiment of the Southern Science and Technology University, the space learning ability can be enhanced, the adaptation rate of sensitive people reaches 98% or above, and the short-time design of 3-5 minutes fits fragmentation time and adapts to home, travel and office scenes; the wavelength stability of the LED light source is + / -10nm, and the modular control design enables the consistency error of batch production to be 1t; 5%; aBS + PC materials are anti-falling and durable, heat dissipation holes are matched with aluminum cooling fins, it is ensured that the running temperature of equipment is smaller than or equal to 40 DEG C, and large-scale production and daily use reliability are both considered.

The invention discloses an interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model and a working method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of medical education tools. The model comprises a demonstration light source, a photosensitive sensor, an adjustable pupil simulation mechanism, a neural pathway visualization assembly, a control circuit module and a man-machine interaction control interface, lED lamp strips and RGB lamp beads which are arranged along the optic nerve, the visual crossover, the visual beam, the midbrain apical anterior region, the para nucleus of the oculomotor nerve and the oculomotor nerve are controlled to be lightened in sequence, and an input channel, a central connection channel and an output channel of a neural signal are presented in a visual mode; meanwhile, the steering engine is driven to adjust the adjustable diaphragm structure, and dynamic contraction and expansion of pupils along with the change of light intensity are achieved. According to the invention, abstract physiological changes of pupils and neurotransmission pathways are converted into a visual, controllable and repeatable teaching demonstration process, and the system has the advantages of strong interactivity, good intuition, high safety and suitability for medical teaching and practical training.

A system and method modify the neural pathways that determine how chemical vapors are perceived and interpreted by the brain. The perception of chemical stimuli is altered by modulating the activity in one or two primary chemosensory pathways: the olfactory and trigeminal systems. By adjusting the relative activity in these pathways, abnormal and unpleasant smell sensations are treated. The system can be used to treat certain parosmias (abnormal smell sensations) and other types of dysosmias by adjusting the ratio of neural activity in the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. For example, patients with impaired olfactory function (decreased olfactory input) often report that "everything smells bad or foul." By adjusting the relative activity in the trigeminal (unpleasant) vs olfactory (pleasant) pathways the unpleasant or foul odor sensation can be treated (e.g., by blocking signals from the trigeminal system or enhancing olfactory stimulation).