The invention provides an aligning system and method based on image technique. And the system is arranged in a projection exposure device composed at least of light source, mask, mask bearing table, mask bearing table motion controller, optical projection system, exposed object, plate bearing table and plate bearing table motion controller, and comprises at least two position aligners uniformly distributed by using the optical axis of the optical projection system as axis, mask label arranged on the mask, exposed object label arranged on the exposed object, and reference label arranged on the plate bearing table, where the position aligners detect and transmit position information of various labels to the motion controllers to control position adjustment of the mask, exposed object and plate bearing table to align them, and the aligning system is equipped with an aberration compensation lens and a lens calibrating unit corresponding to each position aligner. And the invention can reduce system manufacturing cost and system complexity by adopting narrow waveband design mode and cooperating with the aberration compensation lens.