A controller is provided for generating a
carrier signal that controls a
pulse width modulation (PWM)
inverter that drives an electric
actuator. The controller includes: an interface configured to connect to a sensitive device circuit via a sensor, where the sensitive device circuit includes a power
system or an electric
actuator, or a combination of a power
system and an electric
actuator, where the sensor is configured to measure an
electromagnetic interference (EMI) spectrum; a memory configured to store a modulation band, measured
electromagnetic interference (EMI) spectrum data for different frequency carriers, a desired EMI spectrum, and a learning-based carrier design program; a processor connected with the memory and configured to perform: generating a frequency modulated (FM)
carrier signal by solving an
optimization problem generated by a learned carrier design program with respect to a
scan time for a predetermined frequency; and a PWM generator configured to generate a PWM
signal based on the FM
carrier signal.