90 results about "Inductive load" patented technology

The invention relates to a cyclic aging test device for a power semiconductor device with a three-level three-phase bridge twin-dragging structure, which comprises a three-phase bridge test unit, a host control board and a slave control board, and is characterized in that the three-phase bridge test unit comprises a host three-phase bridge, a slave three-phase bridge and a three-phase inductive load with the same three-phase bridge structure; the three-phase bridge is connected with a power semiconductor device; the direct current ends of the host three-phase bridge and the slave three-phase bridge are connected in parallel, and the same group of direct current power supply Vdc supplies power to the host three-phase bridge and the slave three-phase bridge; the alternating current ends of the host three-phase bridge and the slave three-phase bridge are interconnected through the three-phase inductive load to form a twin-trawling structure; the slave control panel controls the voltage output of the three-phase bridge arm as the target of the current closed-loop control of the host control panel, and the host control panel simulates the actual working state of the power semiconductor device by adjusting a control strategy. The device has the beneficial effects that various real working conditions are simulated, and the cyclic aging test of the system-level AC type power semiconductor device is realized.

The invention discloses wafer dynamic parameter testing equipment which is provided with a testing device and a probe card for testing a wafer which is placed on a probe table and is internally provided with a to-be-tested device, and the probe card is provided with a plurality of probes connected with the to-be-tested device and a plurality of conductive contact pieces connected with the probes respectively. A connecting module of the testing device is provided with a plurality of connectors connected with conductive contact pieces, a high-voltage capacitor electrically connected with a high-voltage power supply in the testing device is connected with an inductive load module through a power switch, the inductive load module is connected with the connectors, and a control module is connected with a chip to be tested through the connectors. The control module realizes the dynamic parameter test of the device to be tested in the wafer by controlling the power switch to be turned on and turned off according to a certain time sequence, and the matching value of the probe card and the connector can reduce spurious oscillation signals so as to effectively improve the accuracy of the dynamic parameter test of the wafer. And therefore, the chip testing efficiency can be improved and the chip cost can be reduced.

The invention provides a power distribution network partition optimization method and system. The method comprises the steps that a non-inductive load characteristic index set is constructed, non-inductive load characteristic indexes are constructed into characteristic vectors, electrical attributes of a power supply unit are constructed into attribute vectors, and then a two-dimensional evaluation model is constructed; obtaining a plurality of candidate partitions based on electrical attributes of the power supply units, calculating a comprehensive evaluation value of each load point and each power supply unit through a two-dimensional evaluation model, distributing each load point to the candidate partitions meeting a preset partition requirement through the comprehensive evaluation value, obtaining a preliminary partition scheme, constructing a global optimization model, and obtaining a final partition scheme; and optimizing each candidate partition to obtain a preliminary partition optimization scheme, constructing a corresponding power flow balance equation, and locally adjusting the preliminary partition optimization scheme to obtain a power distribution network partition optimization scheme so as to optimize the power distribution network partition. According to the invention, multi-dimensional evaluation is carried out on the power distribution network to optimize the reasonability of load division of the power distribution network, so that the operation reliability of the power grid is improved.

The application discloses an electromagnetic detection optimized bipolar SHMPWM transmitting method, which comprises the following steps: S1, by analyzing the influence of the resistive and inductive load on the transmitting current waveform distortion and the transmitting spectrum energy loss, extending the current waveform based on the equal-area principle, compensating for the lost transmitting current spectrum energy, and calculating the current waveform extension time; S2, considering the inductive load and the dead zone effect, establishing a bipolar SHMPWM nonlinear equation set; S3, using the particle swarm algorithm to iteratively operate the bipolar SHMPWM nonlinear equation set, and obtaining the solving result of the switching angle of the half-cycle symmetric SHMPWM. The application adopts the optimized particle swarm algorithm to solve the equation set to obtain the switching angle, and realizes that the frequency domain information of the half-cycle symmetric SHMPWM frequency focusing waveform conforms to the specific harmonic amplitude set by the expectation.

The invention provides an FRD chip detection method and platform. According to the method, a switch device and an inductive load module are controlled, a preset forward conduction working condition is established at an FRD chip, and when the FRD chip is in a forward conduction state, the switch device is controlled to switch the conduction state, so that reverse voltage is applied to the two ends of the FRD chip, and the reverse recovery process of the FRD chip is triggered. And then, synchronously acquiring the terminal voltage waveform of the FRD chip and the inductive current waveform associated with the inductive load module to obtain test data. Then, determining a reverse recovery characteristic parameter and an overvoltage characteristic parameter of the FRD chip under the inductive load working condition based on the test data, and finally, evaluating the FRD chip based on the reverse recovery characteristic parameter and the overvoltage characteristic parameter. Therefore, the technical problem that the dynamic performance of the FRD chip under the inductive load cannot be accurately evaluated under the traditional test condition is solved.

This invention discloses a control circuit based on a hybrid switching timing of relays and thyristors. By connecting the thyristor in parallel with the relay, the thyristor bears the load current before and after the relay is closed, thus avoiding contact arcing. The control unit triggers the thyristor at the AC zero-crossing point, reducing switching losses and electromagnetic interference, and combines an RC snubber circuit with optocoupler isolation to improve reliability. This device can increase the relay lifespan from 20,000 cycles to 500,000 cycles, and its cost is only 1 / 3 that of a solid-state relay, making it particularly suitable for soft-start control of high-current inductive loads.

An integrated circuit (IC) includes an array of compute units and control circuitry for mitigating supply voltage overshoot. Each compute unit contributes to an aggregate time rate of change of current drawn by the IC when transitioning between processing and non-processing states. The control circuitry is configurable to stagger when each compute unit is eligible to transition from processing data to not processing data relative to other compute units, thereby limiting the negative rate of change of current through inductive loads of the IC and preventing voltage overshoot above a maximum threshold. The control circuitry may be distributed among the compute units and configured using statically reconfigurable parameters that specify the maximum number of compute units permitted to transition concurrently and the minimum number of clock cycles between successive group transitions.

An externally cooled high efficiency induction coil system is formed from a substantially planar electrically conductive strip, machined or 3D printed from solid copper or a copper alloy defining a multiturn solenoidal induction coil. Each turn of the multiturn induction coil is separated by a separation gap dimensioned to produce a low-variance heating pattern in a magnetically coupled inductive load or workpiece when an alternating current is supplied to the induction coil. A cooling fluid is forced over the induction coil and through the gap width to externally cool the induction coil via forced convection. The substantially planar electrically conductive strip may further include a plurality of crests and troughs defining a wave structure to increase surface area in contact with the cooling fluid and thereby increase efficiency in heat transfer.

The utility model discloses a low pressure series compensation device relates to the technical field of compensation circuit, including the soft start power supply circuit for controlling starting current slow rise, the surge impact is suppressed, the capacitive reactive power output for the dynamic regulation series capacitor, the low pressure reactive power compensation circuit of compensation inductive load's reactive power shortage, the voltage detection circuit for real -time tracking circuit voltage fluctuation, generates the voltage feedback signal required for compensation control. The utility model discloses through the voltage detection circuit, thereby through the accurate detection of resistance voltage dividing network and operational amplifier IC1, realizes real -time monitoring and signal conditioning to the grid voltage, ensures that compensation system can accurately obtain voltage variation information, provides reliable data support for reactive power compensation control.

The invention discloses an energy-consuming valve power module cyclic aging test platform and a cyclic aging test method, which are suitable for reliability verification of a direct-current energy-consuming device power module. Through collaborative design of a capacitive power supply and an inductive load, closed-loop utilization of energy is realized, and modularized alternating test logic is adopted, so that the test efficiency is improved. A direct-current power supply is used for providing a current source for a test loop, a test object is a test valve section formed by connecting a plurality of power module units in series, the test loop is composed of two test valve sections, and the two test valve sections are tested objects mutually. The design of the series energy consumption valve power module enables a plurality of tested modules to be subjected to cyclic aging at the same time. According to the invention, the power circulation of the energy consumption branch can be realized, and the data obtained through the test can be applied to key scenes such as health condition evaluation and control logic judgment of the IGCT device.

This invention discloses a circuit for suppressing back electromotive force (EMF) in a wire-feeding motor, comprising: a protection filter circuit, a half-bridge circuit, a half-bridge drive circuit, and an overvoltage monitoring and braking circuit. The protection filter circuit is connected to the power bus to prevent backflow of EMF into the power bus and to perform filtering. The half-bridge circuit is connected to the protection filter circuit and an external motor. The half-bridge drive circuit is connected to the half-bridge circuit to drive the half-bridge circuit and drive the motor to rotate. The overvoltage monitoring and braking circuit is connected to the protection filter circuit and the half-bridge drive circuit to monitor the voltage of the power bus. When the voltage of the power bus is too high, it performs rapid discharge and simultaneously drives the motor to stop rotating through the half-bridge drive circuit. This invention fundamentally cuts off the path of backflow of the back EMF generated by the motor or inductive load to the power supply by connecting a power diode D1 in series on the bus and utilizing its unidirectional conductivity.

The invention relates to an operation method of a bootstrap gate drive circuit device with negative bias. The bootstrap gate drive circuit device with negative bias provides first to fourth pulse width modulation control signals with different waveforms for the bootstrap gate drive circuit device with negative bias in a low-end transistor synchronous drive interval, a high-end transistor synchronous drive interval and a transformer working interval in sequence for operation. Through waveform operation on the first to fourth pulse width modulation control signals in the low-end transistor synchronous driving interval and the high-end transistor synchronous driving interval, a third capacitor to a sixth capacitor respectively establish respective stable negative bias voltages, so that normal PWM switching action can be carried out in the transformer working interval, and the voltage of the transformer working interval is reduced. And the problem that the transistor half-bridge structure is easy to oscillate under inductive load switching can be avoided.

The utility model discloses a pulse insulation and voltage resistance testing device based on pulse waveform width. The pulse insulation and voltage resistance testing device comprises a pulse generator, a tested object, a voltage differential circuit, a high-speed AD conversion circuit and a pulse storage judgment circuit. A pulse signal output by the pulse generator is collected by the voltage differential circuit, is converted into a digital signal by the high-speed AD conversion circuit, and is transmitted to the pulse storage and judgment circuit for waveform analysis. And the microcontroller calculates the maximum value and the waveform width of the pulse waveform according to a preset algorithm, and compares the maximum value and the waveform width with a standard waveform so as to judge whether the detected product is broken down or not. Different from a traditional current-dependent judgment method, weak insulation breakdown can be accurately identified by measuring the width of the pulse waveform, and the influence of capacitive or inductive load on a judgment result is avoided. The device has the advantages of high precision, high efficiency and strong stability, can be widely applied to pulse insulation and voltage resistance tests of electrical equipment, and provides reliable electrical safety guarantee.

A method (100) for operating an inverter (1) wherein the inverter selectively connects three AC phases (U, V, W) of an inductive load (4) to the positive or negative terminal of a DC voltage (2) provided at the input terminal (1a) of the inverter (1) by manipulating switching elements (3a-3f) arranged in three half-bridges (5a-5c), wherein the switching state (110) of the switching elements (3a-3f) is changed by rotating space vector modulation, wherein, additionally, when the space vectors (6a-6f) having the same switching state of the corresponding switching elements (3a, 3d; 3b, 3e; 3c, 3f) of at least one half-bridge (5a-5c) are modulated, such half-bridges (5a-5c) remain completely off (120).

Power supply unit (10), comprising: an output semiconductor element (11) provided between a power supply line (Vcc) and an output terminal (OUT), and which is controlled and switched to supply electrical energy to an inductive load connected to the output terminal (OUT); and a clamping circuit (15) which clamps a voltage applied between the power supply line (Vcc) and the output terminal (OUT) due to a counter-electromotive force with respect to an operating reference voltage of the output semiconductor element (11), wherein: the counter-electromotive force is generated in the inductive load when the output semiconductor element (11) switches OFF, the output semiconductor element (11) consists of a semiconductor element with an insulated gate electrode that can switch high electrical energy, the clamping circuit (15) comprises a switching semiconductor element (14) and an operating voltage adjusting diode, the switching semiconductor element (14) is connected by a backflow blocking diode between a gate of the semiconductor element with insulated gate electrode and the power supply line (Vcc), and The operating voltage setting diode determines an ON operating voltage of the switching semiconductor element (14) with respect to the operating reference voltage of the semiconductor element with insulated gate electrode.

This application relates to the field of pulsed power technology, and discloses a flat-top pulsed current generator and control method for metal fabrication. The control method corresponds to the flat-top pulsed current generator. The device includes a charging circuit, a main power circuit, a ripple compensation circuit, and an inductive load. The control method employs a structure combining a high-voltage energy storage circuit and a freewheeling energy feeding circuit, shortening the rise and fall edges while feeding back the energy stored in the metal load to the high-voltage energy storage circuit. During the flat-top phase of the metal load current, an H-bridge circuit provides initial compensation for the flat-top current; a linear regulating transistor provides more precise compensation; and by monitoring the real-time temperature of the metal, the repetition frequency required to stably maintain the metal at the target temperature under the set flat-top current amplitude and pulse width is dynamically calculated, ultimately generating a high-efficiency, low-ripple flat-top pulsed current.

The application relates to the technical field of power supply, and discloses a high-precision inductive load power supply system suitable for the field of precise control, solves the problem that the existing load power supply has low installation stability, manual carrying is needed when the load power supply is moved, and labor input is large, and the high-precision inductive load power supply system comprises a mounting seat and a power supply body, the power supply body is arranged above the mounting seat, supporting columns are symmetrically arranged at the bottom end of the mounting seat, a moving wheel set connected with the supporting columns is arranged at the bottom end of the mounting seat, a connecting plate is arranged at the bottom end of the power supply body, a groove is arranged at the top end of the mounting seat, a connecting seat is arranged at the bottom end of the connecting plate and penetrates into the groove, an accommodating groove is arranged at the bottom end of the connecting seat, and a plug slot is symmetrically arranged at the two sides of the groove on the mounting seat and the connecting plate; through cooperation of the design of the fixing ring and the sliding mechanism, the pressing of the plug rod is facilitated, and the installation stability of the power supply body is improved.

The invention discloses a control method of power supply equipment, the power supply equipment and a power supply system, and belongs to the technical field of power supply. A direct-current end of the power supply equipment is connected with an energy storage device through a direct-current bus, an alternating-current end of the power supply equipment is connected with an inductive load through an alternating-current bus, and the method comprises the steps that when the power supply equipment is in an off-grid operation mode and responds to power change of the inductive load, the inductive load is switched to an off-grid operation mode; under the condition that the voltage of the alternating current bus is greater than a first voltage threshold value, converting alternating current of the alternating current bus into direct current and providing the direct current to the direct current bus; and under the condition that the voltage of the direct current bus is greater than a second voltage threshold value, the direct current of the direct current bus is converted and supplied to the energy storage device. According to the method, the reverse irrigation energy can be effectively absorbed, the overpressure risk under the off-grid working condition is reduced, and the system safety is improved.

The invention discloses a three-phase load test circuit for testing a motor driver, and the circuit comprises a three-phase bridge driver which is used for generating a three-phase AC voltage signal; the synchronous rectification module is used for synchronously rectifying the three-phase alternating-current voltage signal into a direct-current voltage signal and providing the direct-current voltage signal to an electronic load; the electronic load is used for simulating a resistive load and completing the test under the driving of the direct-current voltage signal; wherein the electronic load is set to be in a current source mode in which the magnitude of output current is adjustable; the MCU controller is used for calculating a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal with a target duty ratio according to the electronic load feedback signal; the isolation driver is used for driving the three-phase bridge driver and the synchronous rectification module to work according to the PWM signal; the synchronous rectification module comprises a power inductor used for simulating an inductive load. A conventional resistive load test scheme is replaced by a scheme of combining an inductive load and an electronic load, and the method can be suitable for load verification test and aging screening test of the motor driver with any load current.

The invention discloses a fan locked-rotor detection method and device, a medium and an air conditioner, and the method comprises the steps: actively injecting a target voltage signal into a fan, monitoring a feedback current signal, and then extracting an instantaneous voltage value, an instantaneous current value and a phase difference between the instantaneous voltage value and the instantaneous current value to calculate reactive power; and finally predicting the locked-rotor state of the fan based on reactive power and phase difference two-parameter combination. The reactive power can reflect the inductive load characteristic of a motor winding, the phase difference is directly associated with the counter electromotive force change of the motor, when the fan is locked, the rotor stops rotating, the counter electromotive force disappears, the reactive power is sharply increased, the phase difference approaches to the large value of the pure inductance characteristic, and the characteristic change of the two parameters is still obvious and stable under the complex working condition. Obvious distortion caused by low speed, temperature fluctuation and motor aging is avoided, and the accuracy and reliability of fan locked-rotor detection under complex working conditions are greatly improved.

The application provides a kind of test system and method for photovoltaic inverter grid harmonic adaptability, including terminal, rectifier power supply, DC bus, battery pack, DC voltmeter, AC bus, programmable AC source, multifunction meter, adjustable load, digital oscilloscope and harmonic generation module, the application can simulate the working condition of photovoltaic inverter during use, simulate the power generation working condition of photovoltaic panel by battery pack, since the inverter cannot be directly connected with the grid during testing, use programmable AC source as the AC source of simulated grid change, and through adjustable load as capacitive and inductive load that consumes reactive power and active power of AC bus, using harmonic generation module can also inject corresponding harmonic into the grid, so the actual working condition of inverter can be simulated to the greatest extent, the adaptability of photovoltaic inverter can be tested under various harmonic conditions, the test effect is better, and the accuracy is high.

The invention relates to the technical field of relays, and discloses a multi-contact self-sequence on-off control relay arc extinguishing method, and the relay comprises a first static contact, a first movable contact corresponding to the first static contact, a second static contact, a second movable contact corresponding to the second static contact, and a coil which drives the movable contacts to act. The static gap of a first contact pair formed by the first static contact and the first movable contact is larger than the static gap of a second contact pair formed by the second static contact and the second movable contact. According to the multi-contact self-sequence on-off control relay arc extinguishing method, the gap difference between the two pairs of contacts in the relay is adjusted, the on-off time sequence is naturally formed through the mechanical action of the contacts, an additional complex electronic control circuit is not needed, the system complexity and the manufacturing cost are reduced, and the system reliability is improved. And meanwhile, the overvoltage can be suppressed by accessing an absorption network in advance when the inductive load is switched off, and the surge current can be limited by pre-charging when the capacitive load is switched on, so that effective suppression of two typical load arcs is realized.

An excitation circuit is provided for a transformer-based measuring device that includes an excitation coil. The excitation circuit includes an H-bridge circuit and a compensation circuit. The H-bridge circuit is to convert a unipolar square wave signal to a bipolar square wave signal to drive the excitation coil. The H-bridge circuit includes push-pull amplifiers arranged in two legs. The compensation circuit is coupled between the two legs of the H-bridge circuits, and compensates for any distortion in the bipolar square wave signal caused by the excitation coil as an inductive load on the H-bridge circuit.

The application belongs to the technical field of high-side power output control, and particularly relates to a high-side switch circuit with a self-diagnosis function. The high-side switch circuit comprises a high-side switch, a self-diagnosis circuit and a control unit. When the control unit receives an instruction to turn on the high-side switch, the control unit sends a diagnosis start instruction to the self-diagnosis circuit to perform a load type judgment process. When the load type is a capacitive load or an inductive load, the load is pre-charged to reduce current impact when the high-side switch is turned on. By setting the high-side switch circuit comprising the self-diagnosis circuit, the load can be preliminarily diagnosed before the high-side switch circuit is turned on. When the load is an inductive load or a capacitive load, pre-charging is performed to reduce current impact when the high-side switch is turned on. Thus, the phenomenon of excessive current of the high-side switch circuit at the moment of turning on is avoided due to the load, and the problem of over-current false protection is avoided.

The application discloses a three-phase load test circuit for testing a motor driver, comprising: a three-phase bridge driver for generating a three-phase alternating voltage signal; a synchronous rectification module for synchronously rectifying the three-phase alternating voltage signal into a direct current voltage signal and providing the direct current voltage signal to an electronic load; the electronic load is used for simulating a resistive load and completing test under the driving of the direct current voltage signal; wherein the electronic load is set as a current source mode with adjustable output current size; an MCU controller is used for calculating a PWM signal with a target duty cycle according to an electronic load feedback signal; an isolation driver is used for driving the three-phase bridge driver and the synchronous rectification module to work according to the PWM signal; wherein the synchronous rectification module comprises a power inductor for simulating an inductive load. The scheme of combining the inductive load with the electronic load is used to replace a conventional resistive load test scheme, and can be applied to load verification test and aging screening test of the motor driver with any load current size.

The invention relates to methods for controlling a frequency converter which supplies electric power to an inductive load. The converter comprises a power supply circuit with an input connected to a voltage source and an output connected to a power circuit by means of a first and a second conductive lines; the power supply circuit provides a direct voltage between the first and the second conductive lines to a first input of the power circuit. The power circuit comprises an inverter circuit and an intermediate circuit connected between the conductive lines to be interposed between the power supply circuit and the inverter circuit. The inverter circuit comprises three power transistors connected between the first conductive line and three output terminals, respectively, of the inverter, three additional power transistors connected between the second conductive line and said three other output terminals, respectively.

This invention relates to the field of circuit design technology, and more particularly to a reverse polarity protection circuit, a switching module, and its application circuit. The reverse polarity protection circuit includes: a first NMOS transistor MN1, a second NMOS transistor MN2, a third NMOS transistor MN3, a fourth NMOS transistor MN4, a fifth NMOS transistor MN5, a first diode D1, a second diode D2, a third diode D3, a fourth diode D4, a first resistor R1, a second resistor R2, a third resistor R3, a fifth resistor R5, a first PMOS transistor MP1, and a second PMOS transistor MP2. This invention actively turns on the power transistors when a reverse polarity event occurs, forming a low-resistance path to replace the body diode's conduction, thereby significantly reducing power consumption. In all operating states (normal on / off, inductive load, reverse polarity), the gate-source and drain-source voltages of each MOS transistor remain within safe ranges, with no risk of overvoltage. It can be applied to standard processes, reducing manufacturing costs and design complexity.

The application discloses a method, medium and system for determining the closing speed of a phase-selected vacuum switch for closing a capacitive load, comprising: repeatedly performing multiple closing experiments on the fast vacuum switch at different closing speeds and at different closing phases under a power frequency voltage; collecting the minimum pre-breakdown voltage and the power frequency voltage corresponding to the closing process of each closing speed; drawing the curve of the minimum pre-breakdown voltage corresponding to each closing speed of the fast vacuum switch changing with time and the curve of the power frequency voltage changing with time; if the closing process corresponding to at least one closing speed meets a first preset requirement, selecting the smallest closing speed as the lower limit of the closing speed of the fast vacuum switch; and the first preset requirement is that the slope of the curve of the minimum pre-breakdown voltage changing with time is greater than the slope of the curve of the power frequency voltage changing with time at the same time. The application determines the minimum closing speed, and reduces the pre-breakdown high-frequency inrush current in the process of closing the capacitive load by the vacuum switch.

The invention discloses an energy storage battery direct-current grid-connected system for preventing bus current feedback, relates to a grid-connected power circuit and a grid-connected control circuit, and belongs to the field of direct-current bus voltage regulation and control. The system comprises a control part and a power part, the control part comprises a storage battery voltage isolation sampling unit, a data processing unit, a bus voltage isolation sampling unit and an isolation driving unit; the power part comprises a storage battery unit, a load unit, a power generation unit, an MOS tube unit, an ideal diode unit and a fly-wheel diode unit. Three system states of grid-connected channel closing, trickle charging and grid-connected channel opening are switched by analyzing the magnitude relationship between the storage battery voltage and the bus voltage in real time, the storage battery is prevented from being damaged by impact current, the long-term floating charging performance is prevented from being reduced, meanwhile, the bus energy is fully utilized, and the system reliability is improved. The method is especially suitable for a system which takes generator power supply as a main power supply and storage battery emergency power supply as an auxiliary power supply and has inductive load on a bus.

The invention relates to the technical field of circuit design, in particular to a reversed polarity protection circuit, a switch module and an application circuit thereof. The reverse polarity protection circuit comprises a first NMOS tube MN1, a second NMOS tube MN2, a third NMOS tube MN3, a fourth NMOS tube MN4, a fifth NMOS tube MN5, a first diode D1, a second diode D2, a third diode D3, a fourth diode D4, a first resistor R1, a second resistor R2, a third resistor R3, a fifth resistor R5, a first PMOS tube MP1 and a second PMOS tube MP2. When a reversed polarity event occurs, the power tube is actively started to form a low-resistance path to replace a body diode for conduction, so that the power consumption is greatly reduced, the gate-source and drain-source voltages of each MOS tube are in a safe range when the circuit is in all working states (normal on / off, inductive load and reversed polarity), the risk of super voltage resistance does not exist, and the circuit can be suitable for standard processes and can be used for large-scale production. And the manufacturing cost and the design complexity are reduced.