The invention discloses a preparation method of a layered ceramic-based composite material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, weighing EPTA, UDPA and n-octanol according to themass fraction, mixing, then putting the mixture into an ultrasonic disperser for ultrasonic dispersion, then taking out ball-milled ceramic slurry, placing on a 3D printer platform, rotating the 3D printer platform to turn the ceramic slurry to smooth slurry film after the ceramic slurry passes through a scraper, then curing, and repeating the step S3 until a needed ceramic blank is obtained; then performing vacuum degreasing and air degreasing, and finally sintering under atmospheric pressure to obtain the layered ceramic-based composite material. The preparation method has the advantages ofbeing simple in preparation process, controllable on technology, convenient to adjust a material system, capable of directly preparing the layered ceramic and gradient ceramic with a one-step methodand suitable for batch production. The preparation method is suitable for preparation of ceramic-based composite materials such as the existing nitride ceramic.