The invention discloses a hypoxia-activated prodrug based on 2-nitroimidazole-1-alkanol. The 2-nitroimidazole-1-alkanol of the prodrug is connected to an antineoplastic drug through a carbonate bond. The prodrug has a structure shown in the formula I and in the formula, n represents 0, 1, 2 or 3, and R1, R2, R3 and R4 include but not limited to hydrogen, hydroxyl, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl containing alkenyl and C1-C6 alkyl containing alkynyl. The prodrug can target the hypoxia region of the tumor and is reduced by the high expressed specific enzyme in the hypoxic tumor tissue so that the original drug is released. The prodrug is stable in vitro and in vivo, and the released drug can be specifically reduced in hypoxic tumor tissue so that the targeting of the anti-tumor drug is improved, toxic or side effects are reduced and the curative effect is improved.