The invention relates to the technical field of electric digital data processing, and concretely relates to a data processing system capable of performing priority allocation. The system comprises a file receiving unit, a data sorting unit, a two-way merging unit and a file processing unit; the data sorting unit comprises a datamation recognition module, a data quasi-calculation module, a data comparison module, a gradual change sorting module, a data analysis module, a command receiving module, a positioning sorting module and a transmission module; and the two-path merging unit comprises a data integration module, a comparison sorting module, an optimal sorting module and a sorting command transmission module. After the data is classified and ranked into the priority sequence, the ranked priority sequence is integrated and ranked again to obtain the most priority sequence of the file, so that the calculation load of the cup is reduced, the cup operation speed is increased, and the normal operation of the cup is ensured.