The invention discloses a rapid rubber band cutting device for rubber band processing. The rapid rubber band cutting device comprises a base, a fixing base and a sleeve rod, wherein the fixing base is arranged on the left side of the upper end of the base, the sleeve rod is arranged in the middle of the upper end of the fixing base, the sleeve rod is sleeved with cylindrical rubber, a plurality of rubber band cutting knives are arranged on the upper side of the sleeve rod, the inner diameter of each rubber band cutting knife is sequentially increased, a supporting plate is arranged at the upper ends of the rubber band cutting knives, a rotating shaft is arranged in the middle of the lower end of the supporting plate, a first bearing is arranged at the lower end of the rotating shaft, a hydraulic cylinder is arranged at the lower end of the first bearing, the lower end of the hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected with the base, a first gear is arranged on the rotating shaft, the left end of the first gear is meshed with a second gear, and a first motor is arranged at the lower end of the second gear. According to the rapid rubber band cutting device, through mutual cooperation of all the components, rubber bands with different diameters can be conveniently cut out according to actual needs, the application range is wide, and therefore the working efficiency is improved, follow-up material taking is facilitated, a stabilizing effect is achieved when the supporting plate works, cylindrical rubber to be cut is conveniently replaced, operation is easy, and use is convenient.