82 results about "Transportation plan" patented technology

The invention discloses a chaos annealing ant colony-based adversarial blocking timeliness emergency material transportation toughness intelligent decision-making method, and relates to the technical field of intelligent emergency scheduling and optimization. The method comprises the steps of 1, extracting scene data and converting the scene data into model parameters; step 2, constructing a mathematical model for survivability optimization; 3, initializing algorithm parameters and generating an initial path; 4, dynamically adjusting the temperature and the pheromone volatilization rate; 5, generating an adversarial blocking perception path and implementing detour repair; 6, updating pheromone distribution based on an annealing criterion; and step 7, locking the critical path and outputting an optimal transportation scheme. According to the method, timely delivery of materials can be guaranteed in a complex road network blocking and emergency demand scene, the timeliness and toughness of an emergency transportation system are improved through a chaos annealing mechanism and an adversarial blocking simulation technology, the method can be widely applied to the fields of natural disaster rescue, public health event response and the like, and a scientific basis is provided for emergency decision making.

The invention discloses a marine assembled box shipping management method based on an Internet of Things platform, and belongs to the technical field of logistics management. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a cargo list, extracting cargo attributes, analyzing chemical attributes and physical characteristics, and generating a conflict risk assessment report; constructing a time limit prediction model based on the multi-link time data, and optimizing the loading priority; a loading scheme is optimized through a space distribution and dynamic adjustment algorithm, so that the compatibility and the transportation timeliness of goods are ensured; and the shipping state is monitored in real time, emergency adjustment is triggered according to the delay risk, and execution of a transportation plan is ensured. The loading efficiency can be effectively improved, the transportation safety is guaranteed, the transportation risk and delay probability are reduced, and the logistics management level is comprehensively improved. The method is suitable for the fields of intelligent logistics, shipping assembly box transportation and the like, and efficient and accurate decision support is provided for shipping management.

The invention relates to a cargo transportation path planning and tracking method. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring initial target intention data, transportation environment state data and an original transportation path evolution model of a cargo transportation task; according to the initial target intention data and the transportation environment state data, constructing an initial transportation planning path of the cargo transportation task; performing parameter initialization on the original transportation path evolution model according to the initial transportation planning path to obtain a current transportation path evolution model; performing target migration processing on the initial target intention data according to real-time environment sensing data of the cargo transportation task to obtain target migration intention data; inputting the target migration intention data into the current transportation path evolution model to obtain an updated transportation planning path; and tracking the execution condition of the cargo transportation task according to the updated transportation planning path. The method can effectively cope with complex and changeable transportation environments.

The invention relates to the technical field of internet-of-things encryption, in particular to a logistics in-transit data secure transmission system, which comprises a trajectory hash presetting module used for extracting longitude and latitude dotting data according to a logistics transportation plan, arranging the longitude and latitude dotting data according to a time sequence to generate a predetermined trajectory coordinate sequence, and transmitting the predetermined trajectory coordinate sequence to a database; and performing iterative hash operation on the predetermined track coordinate sequence in combination with a time slice index, and storing a check value output by the operation as a reference hash check chain. According to the method, the real-time reliability of each network node can be quantified, so that the evaluation result focuses on the recent behavior performance, finally, the low-trust node is moved out of the routing topology according to the dynamic score, and a safe and purified transmission link is actively constructed; according to the whole set of processing flow, security reinforcement is carried out on a path from a key generation source to data transmission, so that the confidentiality of data content is ensured, and the availability and integrity of data transmission are ensured by dynamically cleaning network infrastructures.

The invention discloses a dispatching method and device for mine auxiliary transportation, equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of mines, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the transportation demand information of mine auxiliary transportation, carrying out the clustering of the transportation demand information according to the type number of transportation carriers, obtaining a target transportation demand cluster, and carrying out the clustering of the transportation demand information; and inputting the target transportation demand cluster and the corresponding transportation carrier into the multi-type vehicle collaborative scheduling model to obtain a target transportation path and a target transportation time plan. And embedding the multi-type vehicle collaborative scheduling model into the initial digital twin model containing the mine auxiliary transportation virtual environment to obtain a target digital twin model. The target transportation path and the target transportation time plan are input into the target digital twin model, the transportation process is deduced, whether the transportation conflict exists or not is detected, and the transportation scheme is output under the condition that the transportation conflict does not exist, so that the efficiency and safety of mine transportation are remarkably improved, and the intelligent level of mine transportation is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of supply and demand data matching, and discloses a supply and demand data dynamic optimization system and method based on a full life cycle, and the system comprises a decision module, a data analysis module, a supply module and a storage and transportation module. Analyzing the supply portal information and the appeal portal information in real time to obtain layout analysis data appeal information; evaluating and sorting the layout analysis data according to the appeal information to obtain a plurality of supply sorting tables; constructing an initial supply and demand plan according to the supply sorting table and the demand information, and inputting the initial supply and demand plan into a supply portal for rationality analysis to obtain dynamic adjustment data; the initial supply and demand plan is updated according to the dynamic adjustment data, the supply portal constructs a production list according to the target supply and demand plan, and the appeal portal generates storage data and a transportation plan according to the production list. According to the method, all data of the supply and demand parties are matched and optimized by constructing a full-period supply and demand management architecture, so that the supply and demand matching efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of logistics data management and industrial cloud platforms, and discloses a logistics data management method and system based on a cloud platform. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring multi-source data and preprocessing the multi-source data to obtain a cleaned data set; processing the data by adopting a fuzzy logic algorithm to obtain an uncertainty quantitative index; when the index exceeds a threshold value, integrating the road condition and demand data based on a Bayesian network, and generating a prediction deviation correction value; a transportation plan is updated in real time, and an optimized route is obtained; a dynamic visualization report is generated after the decision accuracy is further verified; and finally, an adjustment instruction is output through closed-loop control. The method is especially suitable for transportation optimization of cold-chain logistics in complex scenes such as haze, and can effectively improve the accuracy and real-time performance of a transportation decision and the cargo fresh-keeping quality.

The application provides a multi-objective robust optimization method, system, storage medium and electronic equipment for production task planning of a multi-agent collaborative platform, and relates to the technical field of production task planning of a multi-agent collaborative platform. First, according to the production task planning resources of the multi-agent collaborative platform and a single-batch overseas order, a production task planning model with a manufacturing enterprise agent as the core is constructed under the premise of determining the sea transportation time. Then, an infinity norm ball uncertain set is designed for the sea transportation time of a large ship, a robust quadratic multi-objective model for cross-regional multi-agent production task planning is constructed, and the total delivery time deviation and total delivery cost multi-objective of the single-batch overseas order are optimized. The model considers the sea transportation plan prepared in advance by a shipping company agent and the long and uncertain sea transportation time. In addition, the model is converted into an equivalent model, a two-stage hybrid heuristic algorithm is designed for solving, and a reasonable and feasible production task planning suggestion is given for the single-batch overseas order.

The invention discloses a logistics intelligent vehicle distribution method with a real-time decision-making capability, and relates to the technical field of logistics transportation, and the method comprises the steps: receiving and analyzing transportation plan data, automatically merging transportation plans meeting merging conditions, and extracting the key information of the merged transportation plans; collecting driver data; jointly forming a project-level real-time matching rule R4 based on the dynamic matching rule R1, the static matching rule R2 and the enterprise customization rule R3; inputting the transportation plan data and the driver data into a matching model, performing multiple rounds of screening and priority ranking according to the project-level real-time matching rule R4, and outputting an optimal vehicle and cargo matching result; and a transportation task is automatically generated according to the vehicle and cargo matching result, and monitoring and early warning are carried out on abnormal conditions based on real-time data in the transportation process. Precise matching of goods and vehicles is achieved, and the automation level, matching accuracy and exception handling timeliness of logistics transportation scheduling are improved.

The invention discloses an emergency rescue intelligent scheduling system and method based on the Internet of Things, and relates to the technical field of rescue scheduling analysis, and the method comprises the steps: scanning terrain point cloud through a three-dimensional laser radar carried by a scout car, and obtaining an aerial image, road condition sensor data and tent hospital coordinates through an unmanned aerial vehicle to build a space-time aligned initial disaster situation map; generating a multi-modal fusion data set with a timestamp; analyzing feature vectors based on the multi-modal fusion data set; analyzing a risk entropy based on the feature vector in combination with the confidence weight of each device, and analyzing the blocking probability of each grid unit based on the risk entropy; splitting a transportation planning path and an actual transportation path of the material supply truck, analyzing the similarity degree between a transportation planning path section and an actual transportation path section, and marking road sections according to the similarity degree; and updating the attribute data of the contained grid units based on each road segment mark. The accuracy of subsequent transportation path planning is improved, and the overall transportation efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of flow field data processing, solves the technical problem that interpolation precision and reliability are reduced due to the fact that data distribution characteristics cannot be accurately captured in a traditional interpolation method, and particularly relates to a flow field data interpolation method based on an optimal transportation theory. Comprising the following steps: dividing flow field data into N sub-regions and carrying out normalization processing; randomly extracting two batches of data as two discrete data distributions, and constructing discrete distributions according to probability quality; establishing a cost function for measuring data direction information and data value information included in the flow field data; establishing an optimal transportation plan for converting a flow field data interpolation problem into a discrete distribution handling problem, and solving an optimal transportation matrix to obtain an interpolation result; and carrying out reverse normalization on the interpolation result to an original numerical range and carrying out smoothing processing. According to the method, through optimization of the optimal transportation theory, the real physical behavior of the flow field can be better reflected, and the accuracy and credibility of the interpolation result in practical application are improved.

The invention discloses a distributed purchase and inventory cooperative control system based on multi-agent collaboration, and relates to the technical field of purchase and inventory cooperative processing, and the system comprises an intelligent purchase unit, an intelligent inventory unit, a logistics transportation unit and a cooperative processing unit. The data acquisition unit is used for acquiring data and extracting features after the data acquisition is completed, the intelligent inventory unit is used for monitoring the inventory state, the logistics transportation unit is used for establishing a purchase transportation scheme, an inventory transportation scheme and an emergency scheme, and the purchase transportation scheme is used for planning a transportation mode and a transportation path during purchase. According to the invention, in the cooperative processing process, the corresponding purchasing scheme, transportation scheme and inventory scheme can be formulated according to the types of different materials, the accuracy in the implementation process is ensured, the emergency scheme is established to deal with the problems generated by abnormal conditions, and the stability in the control implementation process is improved.

Embodiments of the present application disclose a transportation planning method and device based on road freight. The method comprises: performing multi-dimensional parameter matching of a business attribute of a target order and each selectable rate rule to obtain a rule set; when there are at least two mutually conflicting candidate rate rules in the rule set, determining the priority of the mutually conflicting candidate rate rules according to a judgment factor to obtain an optimal rate rule with the highest priority; determining the freight amount of the target order, a target vehicle executing the target order, a target driver, and transportation information based on the optimal rate rule; writing the freight amount into the target order or a settlement document, and sending the transportation information to a target device; during the freight process, if a preset dynamic recalculation trigger condition is met, recalculating the freight amount of the remaining transportation mileage to obtain an incremental fee; taking the achievement of the freight target of the target order under the condition of minimizing the incremental fee as an optimization target, and updating and optimizing the transportation planning.

Embodiments of the present application provide an LNG marine transportation path planning data processing method, device and electronic equipment. The method comprises: obtaining decision reference data associated with LNG marine transportation path planning, the decision reference data comprising at least annual transportation plan data, ship data, route data, and port state data; constructing a mixed integer programming model and defining a target function and a constraint function associated with LNG marine transportation path planning in the mixed integer programming model; and outputting LNG marine transportation path planning data based on the decision reference data through the mixed integer programming model. The technical solution of the embodiments of the present application can improve the accuracy of LNG marine transportation path planning data processing.

1. The name of the design product: graphical user interface of logistics service platform for electronic equipment. 2. The use of the design product: for an electronic device. 3. The design points of the design product: the graphical user interface in the screen. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: interface change state diagram 1. 5. The use of the graphical user interface: the present design is used for the interactive operation of the logistics service platform. 6. The human-computer interaction mode of the graphical user interface: the main view interface is the main interface of the software, and there are "single competition square", "transportation plan", "transportation execution", "transportation settlement", "contract management", "transportation center", "dispatching center", "user center", "statistical analysis", "service evaluation", "basic data" and other function keys. Click the "transportation plan" button in the menu bar at the top of the main view interface, and the interface changes to the interface shown in interface change state diagram 1; click the "chemical industry and gas" button in interface change state diagram 1, and the interface changes to the interface shown in interface change state diagram 2; click the downward arrow to the right of the "chemical industry system docking" button in interface change state diagram 2, and the interface changes to the interface shown in interface change state diagram 3.

A product transportation plan changing device (13) comprises: an input unit (13a) that receives operation information including an input value including an initial product transportation plan and a product shipment plan and each piece of facility information; a transportation destination changing unit (13e) that, when it is determined that there is a transportation destination that does not satisfy a constraint condition using each transportation destination product reception amount upper limit value and an entry work available time calculated on the basis of the input value and the operation information, changes the transportation destination that does not satisfy the constraint condition to another warehouse building for the transportation work selected according to a predetermined first priority order; and an allocation changing unit (13g) that changes the transportation vehicle having a high transportation work load to another transportation vehicle when an evaluation value indicating the variation in the work load between the transportation vehicles exceeds an allowable upper limit value.

The invention relates to the technical field of railway transportation management, aims to solve the problems of fragmentation of traditional railway transportation plan management data, low pre-judgment accuracy, cooperative imbalance and inaccurate feedback, and provides a railway transportation plan dynamic management method and system. The method comprises the following steps: multi-source heterogeneous data is subjected to edge preprocessing (sliding window filtering and LZ4 compression) and heterogeneous fusion and then is uploaded to an alliance chain evidence (delay is less than or equal to 3 seconds); bIM-GIS digital twinborn simulation is constructed, and an improved LSTM (the accuracy rate is greater than or equal to 92%) is used for pre-judging abnormity; evaluating the priority by combining double matrixes (demand urgency-resource constraint) with an analytic hierarchy process; performing game theory benefit weight and distributed particle swarm optimization scheduling; and performing hierarchical closed-loop feedback iteration. The system comprises a data fusion evidence storage module, a twinborn simulation pre-judgment module and a hybrid storage module. According to the invention, active pre-judgment and collaborative optimization of the transportation plan are realized, the data credibility, the pre-judgment precision and the management efficiency are improved, and interests of multiple parties are balanced.

The invention discloses an intelligent logistics management method based on multimodal transport digital development, and belongs to the field of logistics, and the method comprises the following steps: carrying out the digitization of the size of a cargo and transportation tool loading space before the transportation is started, building a database, and carrying out the digitization of the size of the cargo and transportation tool loading space; the data recorded in the database comprises cargo parameters and transportation tool loading space parameters; according to the technical scheme of the invention, based on the database, digital trial assembly is carried out on the to-be-transported goods through virtual simulation, and the method has the following beneficial effects: before the goods are transported, the digital trial assembly is carried out on the to-be-transported goods through virtual simulation based on the established database, so that a final transportation scheme is obtained. A transportation route, a transportation tool, a cargo loading position and a specific reinforcement scheme are determined before transportation, secondary loading and unloading requirements caused by load changing in the midway of transportation can be effectively avoided through preposed decision making, the loading and unloading operation complexity is reduced, the transportation time cost is reduced, and meanwhile the cargo damage risk is reduced.

The invention provides a transportation plan adjustment method and system for robot process automation, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the cross-platform data capture of a gasoline information page through a robot process automation technology, and obtaining the data information of the information page; based on a natural language processing technology and an optical character recognition technology, basic transportation information and reference gasoline data of gasoline are read from a transportation contract, and a transportation risk allocation coefficient is set; estimating resource loss data generated in the transportation process by using a loss calculation engine based on the basic transportation information, the current accurate gasoline data, the transportation risk allocation coefficient and the reference gasoline data; and adjusting the transportation plan by using the resource loss data and the current accurate gasoline data. The latest current accurate gasoline data are integrated into the transportation plan, so that the transportation plan can reflect the latest transportation plan, and disputes and complaints of clients are avoided.

The application belongs to the field of transportation scheduling, and particularly discloses a transportation vehicle scheduling method and system based on a large language model and a storage medium. The method obtains order information through a large language model based on adjusted order texts; obtains vehicle information required by the orders, and packs the order information and the vehicle information required by the orders into transportation applications; sorts a plurality of current transportation applications, and forms transportation files according to vehicle conditions, with one transportation file corresponding to one vehicle; screens the transportation files to obtain transportation files meeting transportation conditions; combines the screened transportation files to obtain a plurality of transportation schemes, screens the transportation schemes according to a preset target to obtain K transportation schemes; and determines a final transportation scheme from the K transportation schemes through a large language model according to real-time texts. The application can adjust the transportation plan of the transportation vehicle in real time according to the change of the order information in the supply chain, and minimize the impact of the plan adjustment.

This application provides a transportation plan generation method, apparatus, device, storage medium, and program product. The method includes: acquiring transportation status data associated with a first transportation plan; predicting the delay probability of the first transportation plan based on the transportation status data at time t; generating multiple second transportation plans through a transportation plan generation model when the delay probability is greater than a set first threshold, or when the first time corresponding to the maximum value in the probability distribution is later than a set second time; optimizing the transportation plan generation model based on the delay probability and transportation resource consumption of each of the multiple second transportation plans; generating multiple third transportation plans based on the transportation status data at time t using the optimized transportation plan generation model; and selecting a fourth transportation plan from the multiple third transportation plans. This application can reduce the delay probability of transportation tasks.

The application discloses an emergency material transportation optimization scheduling method based on a multimodal transport network, and belongs to the field of logistics management. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, a multimodal transport network for emergency material transportation is built; step 2, a set of emergency material transportation tasks in a planning period is input; step 3, a multi-objective shortest path algorithm is used to generate multimodal transport paths between starting and ending points of each task in the multimodal transport network and the set of emergency material transportation tasks, a random disturbance method is used to change weight coefficients of optimization objectives, and a set of alternative paths is constructed; and step 4, a target function with the shortest completion time of the overall transportation plan as an optimization objective and constraint conditions of the target function are established according to the set of alternative paths, an adaptive large-scale neighborhood search algorithm is used to solve the target function, and an optimal overall scheduling scheme is obtained. The application makes the emergency material transportation scheme more reasonable and efficient, and provides reliable technical support for improving the management level of emergency material transportation.

An information processing method by a transportation plan creation server includes: acquiring a transportation request including a desired boarding date / time of a new customer who desires to be transported by a vehicle; acquiring an existing transportation plan including a boarding date / time and a disembark date / time of an existing customer; calculating at least one of boarding delay time and disembark delay time indicating time delayed from at least one of a scheduled boarding date / time and a scheduled disembark date / time of one existing customer in the existing transportation plan by incorporating the transportation request into the existing transportation plan; and outputting at least one of the boarding delay time and the disembark delay time.

The invention relates to the field of intelligent management, and discloses a horizontal transportation automatic management system for combined transportation, which comprises a data acquisition module, a knowledge graph construction module, a transportation planning module, a transportation monitoring module, a transportation deviation identification module and a transportation regulation and control module, the railway station position information, the waterway port attribute information, the transportation tool state information and the cargo feature information are gathered into initial data of the railway-iron combined transportation network; constructing a knowledge graph; performing constraint reasoning in the knowledge graph to obtain an initial transportation plan of the transportation demand; state data of the combined transportation network after the initial transportation plan is executed are monitored in real time; evaluating a current transportation state and a plan deviation of the railway-iron combined transportation network, and traversing key influence entities and relationships in the initial transportation plan; dynamically adjusting the initial transportation plan, and automatically scheduling the molten iron combined transportation network; according to the invention, the efficiency of automatic management of horizontal transportation for combined transportation of iron and water can be improved.

To provide a transportation planning device, a transportation planning method, and a computer program that shorten the total delay time in the route planning of a transportation device.SOLUTION: A transportation planning device includes an acquisition unit that acquires current position information and task information, a memory unit, a load calculation unit that calculates execution loads for candidate combinations of multiple transportation devices and multiple transportation tasks using the information in the memory unit, a priority calculation unit that calculates priorities for the candidate combinations, an allocation unit that allocates the multiple transportation tasks to the multiple transportation devices respectively based on the calculated execution loads and priorities, and an output unit that outputs the allocation results.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention provides a material scheduling optimization method and a material scheduling optimization system. The method comprises the following steps: generating initial production plan information according to multiple pieces of material order information by utilizing a material production end; processing the initial production plan information and the production time plan information by using the material transportation terminal to generate initial transportation plan information and initial scheduling cost under the condition that the material production terminal interacts with the material transportation terminal; generating production sequence feedback information by using the material transportation end according to the material order information and the initial production plan information; generating new production plan information according to the production sequence feedback information and the initial production plan information by using the material production end, and generating new transportation plan information and new scheduling cost corresponding to the new production plan information according to the new production plan information; and under the condition that the new scheduling cost is less than the initial scheduling cost, determining the new production plan information and the new transportation plan information as target production plan information and target transportation plan information respectively.

The application provides a vehicle scheduling method and system based on intermodal circulation transportation, a medium and a product, and relates to the field of logistics transportation. The method comprises the following steps: planning an initial intermodal path connecting an existing transportation task node and a new transportation task node according to a transportation cost index; identifying an opportunistic battery swapping node in the initial intermodal path according to battery swapping station network data; calculating an opportunistic battery swapping cost generated by the vehicle deviating from the initial intermodal path to the opportunistic battery swapping node, completing battery swapping and returning to the path, and a necessary battery swapping cost generated by the vehicle abandoning battery swapping at the opportunistic battery swapping node and continuing to travel along the initial intermodal path until the power decreases to a preset threshold, so as to reach the nearest battery swapping station; and when the necessary battery swapping cost is greater than the opportunistic battery swapping cost, the corresponding opportunistic battery swapping node is added to the initial intermodal path to generate an intermodal circulation transportation plan. The method can reduce the comprehensive operation cost of the entire intermodal transportation cycle.

The invention relates to a purchase transportation decision-making method and system based on a construction progress, and the method comprises the steps: generating a BIM model component list needing to be purchased based on the construction progress of a WBS construction task, and driving an enterprise project structure to carry out the resource distribution, and obtaining an EPS business project to which each component in the list belongs; based on a WBS construction task, an EPS business project and a BIM construction space to which the component belongs, multiple constraints of purchase and transportation are constructed; on the basis of multiple constraints of purchase and transportation, a purchase and transportation optimization plan is obtained through a multi-objective optimization model, so that the storage cost consumed by purchase and transportation is minimized, and the transportation cost is minimized. According to the method and the device, a data chain of construction task-model component-resource scheduling is broken through by utilizing ternary mapping, and then a multi-constraint and optimization model is constructed, so that the storage cost and the transportation cost of purchase and transportation are effectively reduced, and the problem of how to improve the economic benefit of a purchase and transportation plan is solved.

The application provides an automatic guided vehicle scheduling method and device, computer equipment and a storage medium, and belongs to the technical field of production scheduling. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring the workpiece quantity, the process quantity and the parallel machine quantity for processing the workpiece of the automatic guided vehicle; encoding the priority of the workpiece transportation and the parallel machine selection of each workpiece in each process according to the workpiece quantity, the process quantity and the parallel machine quantity, to obtain an initial scheduling scheme; for any workpiece, determining the transportation plan of the workpiece in the current process, the state of the corresponding parallel machine and the position of the automatic guided vehicle in the idle state, and determining the transportation plan of the workpiece in the next process; constructing a parallel multi-population hybrid genetic algorithm, iteratively optimizing the initial scheduling scheme according to the transportation plan of any workpiece in the next process, to obtain an optimal scheduling scheme; and scheduling the automatic guided vehicle according to the optimal scheduling scheme. In this way, the utilization efficiency of AGV scheduling can be effectively improved.

The present application relates to the technical field of solid waste transportation data management, and provides a pollution solid waste transportation whole-process digital closed-loop management method and system, which establishes a transportation basic information database, creates transportation plans and transportation tasks based on the transportation basic information database, combines the exit information collected by the starting point barrier equipment, the transportation track collected by the GPS positioning equipment, and the on-site photo and scale photo identification results uploaded in the exit, weighing and unloading links, carries out associated processing on the time information, vehicle identification information and weight information in the transportation process, generates transportation metering records and digital accounts, can realize unified digital management of plans, execution, track, metering and records in the whole process of pollution solid waste transportation, improve the completeness and correspondence of transportation process information, and reduce the management cost and error risk caused by manual recording and paper circulation.