An internet of things-based passive wireless cold-chain transportation vehicle-mounted real-time monitoring system provided by the present invention comprises a main controller, a sensing unit, a thermal insulation container, a base station, a server and a remote terminal. According to the present invention, aiming at the problem that the external environment of a key agricultural product cold-chain transportation intermediate link needs to be monitored for the whole course, an internet of things technology is utilized to research and develop the main controller, thereby being able to finish the real-time positioning of the cold-chain logistics vehicles and the real-time monitoring of the environmental information; the remote terminal can monitor the cold-chain information real-timely, thereby finishing the real-time monitoring of the environmental information of the logistics links, and becoming a part of the agricultural product information traceability. By adopting an EnOcean energy search technology and an EnOcean wireless communication technology, a sensor is supplied with power, the main controller is charged, the signal lines and the power lines do not need to be deployed, the arrangement is flexible, the power consumption is low, the energy is saved, and the consumption is reduced.