The utility model belongs to the technical field of medical examination, and particularly relates to a medical sample storage box which comprises a bottom plate, a first side plate, a second side plate, a front side plate and a rear side plate are arranged at the top of the bottom plate, the first side plate is opposite to the second side plate in position, the front side plate is opposite to the rear side plate in position, and the rear side plate is arranged on the bottom plate. The tops of the inner sides of the first side plate, the second side plate, the front side plate and the rear side plate are fixedly connected with a top plate. The sample tubes in the storage box can be arranged according to the storage sequence through guiding of an inclined block, a first limiting plate and a second limiting plate, so that the sample tubes can be conveniently sequenced according to time, the sample tubes stored for a long time are located on the lower portion, the sample tubes stored for a short time are located on the upper portion, and due to the fact that the through holes can only be put, and the movable columns can only be taken, the sample tubes can be conveniently taken. Therefore, it can be guaranteed that the sample tubes taken out each time are stored in the storage box for the longest time, and the situation that the samples are overdue due to the fact that the samples are stored too long and not used in time is avoided.