The invention provides a distributed storage system for common storage of metadata and data, which adopts a four-layer hierarchical architecture and comprises a physical layer, an element block layer, a consensus layer and a micro-metadata layer, the micro-metadata layer stores micro-metadata, the consensus layer is used for providing a consensus mechanism and providing consensus service upwards for the micro-metadata layer to call, and the physical layer is used for storing the micro-metadata. The micro-metadata is subjected to data writing and modification operation after passing through a consensus layer consensus service, a parallel Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm is adopted, a plurality of files can be modified at the same time, the consensus speed is high, a distributed storage system only has a plurality of data nodes, no metadata server exists, and the data storage efficiency is improved. All data of the infinitesimal data layer, the consensus layer and the element number block layer are stored in each data node by adopting a distributed storage method; the physical layer comprises all physical nodes, namely server nodes, of a distributed storage method implemented by the distributed storage system, and the data, the element block layer, the consensus layer and the micro-metadata layer are located above the physical layer and all run above the server nodes.