The invention discloses a network-on-chip congestion control method based on a dynamic routing table, and belongs to the field of network-on-chip congestion control methods. The method comprises the following steps: defining the self-updating rule of the dynamic routing table; starting and initializing a network-on-chip; resolving an own dynamic routing table; determining non-fault adjacent nodes; and delivering data. According to the method, the dynamic routing table is adopted on the network-on-chip for the first time, the own current optical transmission path of the dynamic routing table can be dynamically updated and decided according to the current states of other nodes, and global awareness can be better shown; and optimal paths with smallest global congestion degrees to any other destination node are always saved in each dynamic routing table, so that convenience is brought to rapid reading and use, and the repeated operation time is shortened greatly. Moreover, through the method, frequent reading and writing operation among routing nodes can be reduced, the data computation amount is reduced, and the operation time is saved, so that network congestion is relieved and limited, and the data processing capability and throughput of the network-on-chip are increased.