The invention discloses a block chain key hierarchical management method, and relates to the technical field of data encryption management methods. The method comprises the following steps: initializing a user password, a login certificate, a password secret key, a main secret key and a main secret key ciphertext in a block chain system; generating a user private key, a user public key, a key fileand a user private key ciphertext; performing hierarchical management on the file encryption key, the file, the file ciphertext, the file encryption key ciphertext and the uploaded file; sharing corresponding files, and completing block chain key hierarchical management. According to the method, the key management efficiency can be improved, and the security of all keys is ensured. Meanwhile, anattacker cannot tamper the secret key, and the probability that the secret key is illegally stolen is low. In the transmission and storage process, even if the secret key is embezzled by an attacker,the attacker cannot obtain valuable information.