The invention belongs to the technical field of information security in communication transmission, and particularly relates to a DNA encryption system and an encryption method. The system comprises an encryption key, an information conversion portion, an information encryption portion, an information transmission portion, a decryption key and an information decryption portion, wherein the encryption key and the decryption key are primer sequences; and information encryption refers to that information is converted and coded and then corresponds to A, T, C, G bases in DNA in a one-to-one mode according to a predetermined rule. The encryption system and the encryption method provided by the invention can realize automatic operation of corresponding code conversion, encryption and decryption by depending on biological problem setting and biological technology development and by being matched with development of corresponding computer information technologies at the same time, have the characteristics of good compatibility with other encryption methods, high automation degree, simple key, high password cracking difficulty, safer information transmission and the like, has good application values, and can provide better reference for other new encryption systems at the same time.