The invention discloses a switching type loading adjustment device and method, and the device comprises a mounting base which provides a mounting support interface; the device further comprises a bearing table, a synchronous lifting mechanism and a loading mechanism, wherein the bearing table is arranged on the mounting base, and the bearing table is used for placing a to-be-detected product. The synchronous lifting mechanism is arranged below the mounting base, and screw rods on the two sides of the synchronous lifting mechanism upwards penetrate through the mounting seat and are connected with a loading mechanism; the loading mechanism comprises two loading rods and a loading beam, and the loading beam is arranged on the two loading rods in a sleeving manner. The device further comprises an adapter, and the connecting and locking of the screw rods on the two sides of the synchronous lifting mechanism and the loading rod are realized. The device is simple and reasonable in structure, rapid installation of the loading rod and the loading beam is achieved, and repeated positioning is reliable; the size of the loading device is reduced, the lifting stroke is shortened, and the loading efficiency is improved; and a loading gap uniformity adjusting function is also realized.