The invention discloses a wastewater treatment system with an automatic cleaning structure, which comprises a wastewater storage tank, a concentrated water tank, a concentrate storage tank, a first filter, a circulation pump, a UF membrane filtration zone, a treatment tank, a cleaning tank and a controller, wherein the concentrated water tank is connected to the concentrate storage tank and the first filter through a concentrate drain pipe at the bottom, the first filter, the circulation pump, the UF membrane filtration zone and the condensed water tank constitute a filtration cycle, and the cleaning tank, the circulation pump and the UF membrane filtration zone constitute a cleaning cycle; the UF membrane filtration zone comprises a flow control valve, a first flow tube, a second flow tube and a plurality of UF membrane modules, and cleaning ball catchers are arranged between the first flow tube and the UF membrane modules and between the UF membrane modules and the second flow tube.The wastewater treatment system can greatly reduce the amount of waste liquid and reduce the disposal cost of industrial waste, cleaning balls clean impurities on the inner walls of tubular UF membranes in a reciprocating manner to reduce the frequency of chemical cleaning and prolong the service life of the UF membranes, and the wastewater treatment system is under fully automatic control and isof low energy consumption.