The invention relates to an automatic running and pulling system of an oilfield workover string, which comprises a blowout preventer, fixing slips, an oil pipe/sucker rod guide mechanism, an oil pipe/sucker rod locating mechanism, an oil pipe/sucker rod elevator component, a mechanical arm component, hydraulic clamps, a hydraulic clamps bracket, a control system, a base component and a string bent, wherein the mechanical arm component and the hydraulic clamps bracket are installed on the base component and are connected through a linkage component to carry out linkage movement, and the string bent is arranged on the side surface of the mechanical arm component and moves in match with the mechanical arm component. With the adoption of the automatic running and pulling system of the oilfield workover string, the automation of movements of snatching up, butt joint, clamping, upper unloading, elevating, lowering, arrangement and the like can be realized, manual string running and pulling operation at a wellhead is replaced, an equipment mechanism is simplified as much as possible, and an operation program is optimized.