Provided is an image capturing device for detecting and analyzing a machine tool guiderail surface quality. The image capturing device mainly comprises a mobile box body, a sliding assembly, a rotating assembly, and a capturing assembly. The mobile box body is mainly composed of an inner guiderail sleeve 1, an outer box body 2, a hand wheel 3, and a built-in friction wheel 4. The sliding assembly is mainly composed of a handle 5, a sliding body 6, a lead screw 7, and a mobile table 8. The rotating assembly is mainly composed of a rotating pedestal 9, a worm 21, a rotating platform 10, and a fixing block 11. The capturing assembly is connected with the fixing block 11 through a V-shaped rod 12 and mainly comprises a sliding rod 19, an ocular lens moving device 14, a U-shaped support 15, a connector 16, an ocular lens 17, a mobile square block 18, and a light device 20. The image capturing device is simple in structure and low in production cost. By the replacement of the inner guiderail sleeve, the images of large machine tool guiderail surfaces with different cross sections can be fast and accurately acquired. The image capturing device provides image support for guiderail surface wearing state identification based on machine vision detection technology, provides decision basis for taking effective measures to relieve wearing or repair the guiderail, has important significance to maintenance of machine tool precision and guarantee of product quality, and can be widely used in the field of machine tool guiderail surface quality detection.