The invention belongs to the technical field of computer network security, and relates to an efficient routing protocol for simultaneously providing anonymity and responsibility investigation capability in a network layer, in particular to a routing method with metadata privacy protection and source responsibility investigation capabilities. According to the method of the invention, a group signature is attached to a message network layer to realize the balance between anonymity and responsibility. The group signature in the message can provide wide and efficient responsibility investigation,and the authenticity of the message can be verified by any router on a path in a non-interaction mode, so that the communication overhead during message verification is eliminated. Meanwhile, the privacy of the sender is protected by the group signature, so that the signer in the group cannot be distinguished by entities outside the group. In addition, in order to further reduce the verification overhead of the group signature, a challenge-based separation verification mechanism is designed. Compared with pre-calculation and batch verification, the separate verification mechanism can reduce the verification load of the specified router to a greater extent, thereby improving the efficiency of the protocol.