The invention discloses a dust removal device of a tamping protection mechanism for a rapid tamping machine. The dust removal device comprises a box body, the outer walls of cylinder bodies are fixedly sleeved with a front transmission belt wheel and a rear transmission belt wheel, the transmission belt wheels are located on the outer side of a mounting shell, a driving motor is arranged on the inner sides of the cylinder bodies on the left side and the right side, the transmission belt wheels and a belt wheel are connected through belts, and columns are installed on the outer walls of the front sides and the rear sides of the cylinder bodies correspondingly. External clean water is used for dust falling, specifically, a rotating shaft drives a fan-shaped plate to rotate, the fan-shaped plate rotates along with the rotating shaft and can drive a movable rod piece to move, sliding plates slide left and right in sliding rails, when a piston plate on the left side is driven to move leftwards, clean water in an inner cavity of a connecting water cylinder can be squeezed out through a one-way water outlet pipe, and finally the clean water is sprayed out through a water distribution pipeand an atomizing nozzle, soil in the advancing direction of a tamping device can be wetted, dust falling work is achieved, when the left piston plate moves rightwards, negative pressure is generated,the clean water in an inner cavity of a water tank is pumped into the connecting water cylinder through a one-way water inlet pipe, and water is supplemented in time.