The invention discloses an efficient and economical indoor circulating aquaculture system. The system comprises a culture tank, a solid multi-layer frame and a water treatment system, wherein the culture tank is arranged on the solid multi-layer frame; the water treatment system comprises a filter device, a sterilization device, a temperature controller and a circulation pump which are arranged along the water downstream direction in sequence; and a sewage outlet of the culture tank is connected with the filter device through a water delivery pipe, and a water outlet of the circulation pump is connected with the culture tank through a water delivery pipe. In the efficient and economical indoor circulating aquaculture system, a plurality of layers of culture tanks can be placed on the solid multi-layer frame, so that the indoor space is sufficiently utilized for solid culture, the culture quantity is increased, and the culture benefit is improved. The water treatment system can automatically drain sewage, independently oxygenate, independently control water flow level, and can automatically control water quality and water temperature, so that high-density safe culture is realized.