1088 results about "Sterilization process" patented technology

A system including a processor and memory coupled to the processor. The system also includes a lateral flow assay (“LFA”) strip reader coupled to the processor for transmitting an LFA strip image to the processor. The processor initiates a sterilization process when the LFA strip image includes a visual feature indicating a sterilization trigger.

The invention provides a sterilizer humidification control method, system, equipment and medium, and relates to the technical field of sterilizer control, and the sterilizer humidification control method comprises the following steps: obtaining environmental parameters and equipment data in a sterilizer, inputting the equipment data into a three-dimensional computer design model, and constructing a geometric model; the method comprises the following steps: inputting a geometric model and environmental parameters of the sterilizer by utilizing computational fluid dynamics software, and carrying out numerical simulation treatment to obtain a steam flow form and distribution data in the sterilizer; identifying a cold spot area in the sterilizer through an algorithm, and analyzing the relationship between the cold spot area and the humidification control parameters to obtain an identification result; the humidification amount is dynamically adjusted through a feedback control mechanism, and control parameters are optimized; performance evaluation and adjustment are carried out on the optimized control parameters according to real-time monitoring data and user feedback, and then humidification control over the sterilizer is completed. The quality and the efficiency of the sterilization process are improved, and meanwhile, the energy consumption and the operation cost are reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of data processing, in particular to a protective clothing production data processing method and system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a temperature sequence and a pressure sequence in a protective clothing sterilization process; presetting the local range of the temperature, and calculating the noise influence degree of the temperature; correcting the noise influence degree by using the correlation between the temperature and the pressure collected at the sampling time corresponding to the local range; the method comprises the following steps: marking temperatures meeting a preset screening condition in a temperature sequence, presetting a sliding window, filtering all marked temperatures by using an SG filter, and in the filtering process, filtering by taking an interval between a current marked temperature and a next marked temperature as a sliding step length of a current sliding window to obtain a denoised temperature sequence. According to the invention, the denoising efficiency and denoising effect of the temperature sequence in the sterilization process of the protective clothing can be improved.

This invention proposes a method for prolonging the shelf life of perishable fruits and vegetables using a combination of non-destructive thermal and non-thermal sterilization techniques. Leveraging AI-based algorithms, it utilizes traceable data from the entire value and supply chain. This integration allows growers, processors, and traders to collect and analyze traceable data for informed decisions on product quality and safety, effectively minimizing spoilage and quality loss. The environmentally-friendly method uses AI for precise sterilization process control and monitoring, considering factors such as product characteristics and traceability data. This comprehensive approach enhances preservation, improves supply chain management, reduces food waste, and ensures food safety and quality in the fruit & vegetable industry.

The invention provides an intelligent response type medical liquid application and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of medical dressings. The liquid application is composed of a basic repairing component, a natural antibacterial component, a plant active component, an intelligent carrier system and auxiliary materials. Accurate release of active ingredients is realized by adopting a pH / temperature double-response intelligent delivery system, and the transdermal absorption rate is remarkably improved; wound healing is accelerated through the synergistic effect of the compound protein and the plant extract; active ingredients are effectively reserved through a multi-mode sterilization process. The liquid application disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of strong antibacterial property, good environmental adaptability, excellent healing effect and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of irradiation sterilization control, and particularly discloses a multi-source synergistic irradiation sterilization control method and system, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: 1, obtaining sterilization effect data, carrying out the analysis processing, and calculating a uniform characterization value of the sterilization effect; 2, comparing the uniform characterization value with a uniform characterization threshold value, and if the uniform characterization value is greater than the uniform characterization threshold value, generating a non-uniform signal; and 3, based on the non-uniform signal, obtaining an irradiation energy value in the sterilization process, carrying out analysis processing, and determining an irradiation energy value deviation large sub-region. Through deep analysis of the sterilization effect data, potential problems in the sterilization process can be identified, the sterilization effect of each sub-region can be accurately monitored and evaluated, nonuniformity in the sterilization process can be found and adjusted in time, technicians can make more scientific and reasonable decisions, the sterilization process is optimized, and the product quality is improved.

Compositions, devices and processes related to etching of a very thin layer or fine particles of a metal are disclosed for monitoring a variety of parameters, such as time, temperature, time-temperature, thawing, freezing, microwave, humidity, ionizing radiation, sterilization and chemicals. These devices have capabilities of producing a long and sharp induction period of an irreversible visual change. The devices are composed of an indicator comprising a very thin layer of a metal (e.g., polyester film having an extremely thin, e.g., about one hundred Angstroms layer of aluminum) and an activator, e.g., a reactant, such as water, water vapor, an acid, a base, oxidizing agent or their precursors, which is capable of reacting with the said indicator. The indicator retains its opacity and metallic luster, e.g., silvery white, mirror like finish of aluminum layer for a long time. The activator destroys the indicator layer including the naturally formed oxide layer. The indicator layer does not have a matrix / binder. As the device becomes transparent from being highly opaque, any color, message or image printed under it become visible at a pre-determined time, thus making the device self reading. A sealing tape or large label made from an activator and an indicator can be used for sealing boxes and monitoring self-life of perishables inside it. Ink formulations composed of a metal powder and a proper activator can be used for monitoring several sterilization processes, such as sterilization with steam. When water is used as an activator, a thin layer of metals, such as that of aluminum can be used as steam sterilization or humidity indicator. The process can also be used for making patterns, printing plates, electronic circuits and RFIDs (radio frequency identification devices).

The invention relates to the technical field of milk sterilization systems, in particular to an intelligent microwave-heat exchange composite milk sterilization system and a method thereof.The system comprises a mixing module used for adjusting the flow speed and temperature of fresh milk; the microwave sterilization module is used for heating milk by using a multi-frequency magnetic field; the temperature control module comprises a microwave power regulator and a heat exchanger and is used for regulating the microwave heating time and the heat exchange rate so as to control the milk temperature; and the digital twin module optimizes the sterilization process by using deep reinforcement learning and simulates the system performance in a virtual environment, and a faster and more uniform heating process is realized through the synergistic effect of microwaves and heat exchange. The application of the multi-frequency magnetic field technology further improves the uniformity of microwave heating, and effectively solves the problems of hot spots and cold spots in traditional heat exchange sterilization. Experimental results show that compared with a traditional method, the sterilization effect is improved by about 11.5%, which means higher food safety.

The invention discloses an electron beam sterilization method and an intelligent control system, and particularly relates to the technical field of biopharmacy sterilization, and the method comprises the following steps: building a periodic input data set by collecting multi-dimensional data, and judging whether an evaluation trigger condition is satisfied; if yes, generating a dose deviation index and a penetration sufficient index, and inputting the indexes into an evaluation model to output a sterilization influence index; the irradiation parameters of the next period are corrected according to the index, an update vector is formed, the beam intensity, the scanning path and the pulse width are dynamically adjusted, if the conditions are not met, the irradiation behavior of the next period is directly executed by adopting the originally set irradiation parameters, and accurate control and stable optimization of the sterilization process are achieved; self-adaptive adjustment of sterilization control is realized through periodic data acquisition and intelligent judgment, an evaluation model is constructed by fusing multi-source features to quantify the irradiation deviation degree, and a parameter update vector is generated based on an evaluation result to dynamically correct the irradiation behavior, so that the accuracy, stability and consistency of the sterilization process are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of female private care, and discloses a long-acting antibacterial female care gel and a preparation method thereof.According to the care gel, natural plant extracts serve as core active ingredients, microbial fermentation products, macromolecular thickening agents and functional auxiliary materials are supplemented, and a synergistic system is formed through scientific compatibility; wherein the core components comprise compound antibacterial components such as cranberry extract, gallnut extract and pomegranate peel extract, nourishing and repairing components such as radix puerariae extract and southern dodder seed extract, and stable components such as ammonium polyacryloyldimethyl taurine. By optimizing the formula composition and the preparation process, the technical problems that existing female care gel is short in bacteriostasis time and poor in biocompatibility are solved, and the female care gel has the multiple effects of long-acting bacteriostasis, mildness, no irritation, nourishing, repairing, moisturizing, lubricating and the like. The preparation method adopts the processes of segmented extraction, gradient mixing and low-temperature sterilization, ensures the stability of active ingredients and the uniformity of a gel system, and is suitable for large-scale production.

The invention relates to the technical field of tomato juice processing, in particular to flavor-improved NFC tomato juice, a preparation method thereof and compound juice. The invention provides flavor-enhanced NFC tomato juice, a preparation method thereof and composite fruit juice. The tomato NFC beverage prepared by the preparation method is bright in color, mellow and fine in taste, appropriate in sugar-acid ratio, moderate in viscosity and weakened in layering phenomenon by utilizing specific ultrasonic treatment and ultrahigh-pressure non-thermal sterilization processes, and the flavor of tomato raw materials and the flavor of tomato juice, especially the characteristic flavor of tomatoes, are enhanced under the condition of no additives. In addition, various nutrient substances in the tomatoes are reserved to the maximum extent, and the special color, flavor and nutrient components of the product are still kept in the storage period.

An automatic sterilization water purification system is characterized in that a water inlet filter element is used for water feeding and is connected with the input end of a booster pump, a low-pressure switch is arranged at an outlet of the filter element, the output end of the booster pump is connected with a reverse osmosis membrane and the lower part of a water storage pressure barrel, and a high-pressure switch is arranged on a pipeline between the booster pump and the water storage pressure barrel; the reverse osmosis membrane is provided with a wastewater outlet and a purified water outlet, the purified water outlet is connected to the front end of the high-pressure switch through a bypass pipeline, the upper part of the water storage pressure barrel is connected with an ultraviolet sterilization module, the ultraviolet sterilization module outputs purified water, and the ultraviolet sterilization module is connected with the booster pump through a return pipeline; the purified water and the concentrated waste water are output through two passages, purified water is supplied after being sterilized by the ultraviolet sterilization module, and when the water enters a sterilization state, the water discharged by the ultraviolet sterilization module returns to the booster pump through the return pipe and circularly flows in the sterilization process, so that the bacterial concentration in the purified water is continuously reduced to be zero, and the water quality is improved. And the purified water supplied by the system in a long-term working state is kept sanitary and safe.

The invention discloses a sterilization process and a sterilization device for processing instant bean products, and relates to the technical field of food sterilization. When a conveying belt drives bean products to move, high-temperature steam is in contact with the bean products and high-temperature sterilization is carried out, due to the fact that the bean products are not turned over in the conveying process, contact dead angles appear during steam contact, and the bean products are not sterilized uniformly. When the bean products are driven by the conveying mechanism to enter the space between the steam exhaust hoods, the bean products in a moving state pass through the inclined guide plate and the material shoveling plate, and are shoveled and turned over in the moving process, so that high-temperature steam sprayed out of the steam exhaust hoods is uniformly contacted with the surfaces of the bean products, and the situation that the sterilization effect is not ideal due to sterilization dead angles is avoided; meanwhile, the side baffles on the two sides are matched with the shoveling plate and the inclined guide plate, so that the bean products are prevented from falling off from the two sides in the process of shoveling and turning over the bean products.

The invention discloses a biological challenge device with combined adjustable resistance for evaluating the effect of a sterilization process, which comprises a shell, the shell comprises a plastic pipe and an inner pipe cap detachably connected with the inner wall of the plastic pipe, the inner pipe cap is provided with a breathable window and covered by a breathable film, and a bacterial contamination carrier for bearing indicator biological spores is attached to the inner bottom of the plastic pipe. An openable container containing a liquid culture medium is arranged in the plastic pipe cavity; the outer side of the inner pipe cap is sleeved with an outer pipe cap detachably connected with the outer wall of the plastic pipe, and the outer pipe cap is provided with a flow blocking structure used for adjusting the speed of the sterilizing agent entering the area of the inner pipe cap; the indicator biological spores are pretreated by a stable protective agent containing one or more of polyethylene glycol, trehalose, sorbitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and glyceryl stearate. The speed of a sterilizing agent entering the device can be limited, the spores are dry in a suspension added with a stable protective agent, the capability of resisting general environmental changes is very good, and the performance of the device can be maintained for a long time.

The transducer assembly comprises a transducer and a transducer shell which are oppositely and fixedly arranged, the transducer shell comprises a front shell, a middle shell, a rear shell and a current-conducting plate, and a closed cavity is formed among the current-conducting plate, the rear shell, the middle shell, the front shell and a flange plate; a closed cavity is formed in the front shell and the rear shell, a main body part of the transducer is accommodated in the closed cavity, the front shell and the rear shell are both made of hard materials, the middle shell is made of flexible and deformable materials, a through hole communicated with the closed cavity is further formed in the transducer shell, and a waterproof breathable film covers the through hole. Thus, a plurality of elastic components do not need to be arranged between the transducer and the transducer shell, vacuum disinfection treatment of the transducer assembly is not affected, meanwhile, the overall weight of the transducer assembly and the handle provided with the transducer assembly is reduced, and the hand operation burden of an operation operator is relieved.

The invention discloses a filtering device for a fish-rice symbiotic field irrigation canal, and particularly relates to the technical field of irrigation, the filtering device comprises a shell, the right side of an inner cavity of the shell is fixedly connected with a drainage assembly, the left side of the outer surface of the drainage assembly is fixedly connected with a disinfection assembly, and the middle of the rear side of the disinfection assembly is fixedly connected with a filtering assembly; the right end of the filtering assembly is rotationally connected with a collecting assembly, and the left side of the inner cavity of the shell is fixedly connected with a flushing assembly. According to the filtering device for the irrigation canal of the fish-rice symbiotic field, the drainage assembly is arranged to guide water in the drainage canal and is matched with the disinfecting and killing assembly, so that water purification is facilitated, a healthier living environment is created for aquatic organisms such as carps, and the water quality is improved. And through cooperation of a filtering assembly and a collecting assembly, sterilized water can be filtered and collected again, and the situation that impurities generated in the sterilization process flow into the rice field, and consequently the environment is affected is avoided.

The invention relates to the technical field of sterilization equipment, in particular to an ethylene oxide sterilization device and an ethylene oxide sterilization method thereof.The ethylene oxide sterilization device comprises an ethylene oxide sterilizer, a steam source, a vacuum pump, an ethylene oxide gas cylinder and an emptying valve; wherein an outlet of the steam source is connected with a first inlet pipeline of the ethylene oxide sterilizer; wherein an inlet of the vacuum pump is connected with an outlet pipeline of the ethylene oxide sterilizer; an outlet of the ethylene oxide gas cylinder is connected with a second inlet pipeline of the ethylene oxide sterilizer; wherein the interior of the ethylene oxide sterilizer is connected with the pressure release valve through a pipeline; according to the ethylene oxide sterilization device and the sterilization method thereof, the reliability and the stability of the sterilization process are improved, the high quality and the high performance of a sterilized product are ensured, and the ethylene oxide sterilization device and the sterilization method are suitable for sterilization treatment of medical instrument products.

In order to provide an endoscope that can reduce imbalance in shrinkage of an insertion portion and imbalance in slackening of bending wires even if a sterilization process involving heating is performed with respect to the endoscope stored in a container or the like while achieving the downsizing of a storage form used to store the endoscope in the container or the like, the endoscope package system includes an endoscope, the endoscope includes: a flexible insertion portion; in a length direction of the flexible insertion portion, the flexible insertion portion has a shape that includes a first winding direction and a second winding direction, the first winding direction is different from the second winding direction.

The invention relates to the field of edible fungi injection and inoculation, and discloses an automated edible fungi injection and inoculation device, comprising a processing stand, a feeding conveyor line and a discharging conveyor line fixed on the processing stand for conveying fungi bags, the injection and inoculation device also comprising an injection assembly installed on the processing stand, and a telescopic injection assembly coaxially corresponding to and directly below the injection assembly for conveying liquid fungi; the injection assembly comprises an injection main pipe installed through the processing stand, an injection head is telescopically sleeved on the injection main pipe, a positioning piece is fixedly sleeved on the injection head, a lifting cylinder is fixedly installed on the processing stand, and the lifting end of the lifting cylinder is fixedly assembled with the positioning piece; the injection and inoculation arrangement adopts a combination of the injection assembly and the telescopic injection assembly to perform injection and inoculation, and controls the telescopic injection assembly to rotate and sterilize, so as to avoid continuous contamination of fungi bags during the injection process.

The invention discloses infant nutritional fruit paste and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of infant complementary food. The method comprises the following steps: S1, raw material pretreatment; S2, raw material homogenization treatment; S3, primary sterilization; S4, canning; according to the fresh fruit paste processed in S1-S7, a sterilization process is optimized, and two times of low-temperature sterilization are matched, so that the safety of the prepared fresh fruit paste is improved, the production efficiency of the fresh fruit paste is improved, various fruit raw materials are matched, and the nutritional value of the fresh fruit paste is improved; a stirring blade in the smashing mechanism conducts primary smashing processing on raw materials in the processing hopper to form puree, the puree is dispersed in a flow guide channel in the crushing mechanism, reciprocating lifting of an extrusion base enables a conical pressing ring to continuously extrude the puree in the flow guide channel and crush the puree, and therefore secondary smashing processing of the puree is conveniently achieved, and the processing efficiency is improved. And therefore, the mashing effect of the fruit paste is effectively improved, and the quality of the processed fresh fruit paste is improved.

A container and systems for use during an external sterilization process of a plurality of drug delivery devices are provided. The container may include an outer housing and at least one partition at least partially enclosed by the outer housing. The at least one partition may include a plurality of first dividers and a plurality of second dividers. The at least one partition may also be positioned an open configuration, wherein the plurality of first dividers and the plurality of second dividers cooperate with each other to define a plurality of chambers configured to receive at least one of the plurality of drug delivery devices. The at least one partition may also be positioned in a closed configuration wherein the plurality of chambers are substantially completely collapsed.

The invention relates to a traceability management system suitable for a regional disinfection supply center and an operation method thereof, the traceability management system comprises an AI sensing part, a data calculation part, an intelligent center part, a business application part and a collaborative expansion part, and the AI sensing part identifies and classifies medical equipment through AI vision; the data calculation part can carry out localized AI reasoning on a disinfection and sterilization scheme; the intelligent center part can dynamically deploy regional resources; the business application part monitors the disinfection and sterilization process of the medical equipment; after the collaborative expansion part completes collaborative exchange of patient-instrument associated data, instrument tracing association with HIS and EMR systems is realized, and meanwhile, an anomaly detection condition is supervised in real time. According to the scheme, the AI drive is introduced through the bar code technology to carry out multi-mode automatic identification on the medical equipment, the identification efficiency and accuracy of the medical equipment are guaranteed, the identification rate of damaged bar codes is improved, high-quality disinfection and distribution control is carried out through whole-process monitoring, and therefore whole-process accurate tracing is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of soybean milk products, in particular to application of a soybean folic acid enrichment method in soybean milk rich in folic acid. According to the method disclosed by the invention, a plant biotransformation technology is utilized, and folic acid in the soybeans is enriched by cleaning and soaking the soybeans, adding a substrate and a hypertonic substance and regulating and controlling the temperature and activating folic acid synthetase. The preparation method comprises the following steps: germinating soybeans for 24-36 hours, homogenizing, adding wheat germs and an additive, boiling the soybean milk, blending, homogenizing and sterilizing to obtain a stable healthy product with high folic acid content.

The embodiment of the invention provides a detachable detection device and a needle assistor, the detection device is used for detecting blood glucose, the detection device comprises a detection assembly, a sensor assembly and a needling assembly, the detection assembly comprises a flat shell, the outer wall of the bottom of the flat shell is sunken inwards to form a containing cavity, the sensor assembly comprises a base and a probe, the base is provided with a second via hole, and the probe is arranged in the containing cavity. The base is detachably clamped in the containing cavity, part of the probe is located in the base, part of the probe extends out of the hole wall of the second through hole and extends towards the side away from the detection assembly, and when the base is located in the containing cavity, the probe is electrically connected with the detection circuit board. According to the embodiment of the invention, the detection assembly and the sensor assembly are mutually detachable and can be clamped, so that only the sensor assembly is sterilized instead of the detection assembly in the sterilization process, and the influence on the detection circuit board in the detection assembly in the electromagnetic wave or irradiation sterilization process can be avoided; the product yield of the detection device is improved.

The embodiment of the invention provides a polycaprolactone solution for injection and a sterilization process, and relates to the technical field of medical instrument sterilization. The sterilization process of the polycaprolactone solution for injection provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps in sequence: S1, pre-pressurizing a chamber in which the polycaprolactone solution is located to a preset pressure, the preset pressure being greater than a saturated vapor pressure of the polycaprolactone solution at a sterilization temperature, and the sterilization temperature being greater than 110 DEG C; s2, heating the chamber to a sterilization temperature, and carrying out sterilization treatment for a period of time; s3, cooling the chamber to a safe temperature, wherein the safe temperature is 60 DEG C or below; and S4, reducing the pressure of the cavity to the environment pressure. According to the polycaprolactone solution for injection and the sterilization process provided by the embodiment of the invention, the product quality and safety of the polycaprolactone solution can be effectively improved.

The invention discloses a pet prescription wet food with a long-acting fresh-keeping function and a preparation method of the pet prescription wet food, and relates to the technical field of preparation of pet food. Comprising 40-60% of a meat raw material, 5-15% of dietary fibers, 0.5-2% of a vitamin premix, 0.3-1.5% of a mineral pre-coagulated material, 0.1-2% of a probiotic compound, 0.05-0.2% of a natural antioxidant, and the balance of water, hydrolyzed chicken, the natural antioxidant and a compound additive. According to the preparation method, a staged gradient sterilization process is combined with three-layer composite packaging and low-temperature plasma treatment, the unopened shelf life is prolonged to 24 months, which is far better than that of a traditional process, and the activity of thermosensitive components is guaranteed by adopting a nano-liposome embedding technology and sodium alginate-chitosan embedded probiotics, so that the preparation method is simple and convenient to operate. The protein digestibility is improved to 92% through low-molecular hydrolyzed protein, and the requirements of pets with kidney diseases are met.

The utility model relates to an end effector. The end effector comprises a clamping component, a driving component, a positioning component and a sealing component, the clamping part is used for clamping a target object; the output end of the driving part is connected with the clamping part and drives the clamping part to move; the positioning part is used for determining the position of the clamped target object or the position of taking and placing the clamped target object; the sealing part is arranged at the joint of the clamping part and the output end of the driving part, and the sealing part is in sliding connection with the driving part. Automatic taking and placing of a target object can be achieved, and an effective sealing structure is provided; corrosion of H2O2 to internal components in the VHP sterilization process is prevented; internal and external environments are isolated, so that the GMP low-dust environment requirement required in the production process of cell drug products can be ensured; the method can be used for automatic production of cell drug products in a GMPA-level environment.

The present invention relates to a medical waste sterilization packaging paper comprising: a partially open collection area; a side area surrounding the collection area; and a bottom area, wherein the sterilization packaging paper is made of a material that blocks the penetration of pathogens contained in the medical waste and selectively allows only a sterilant used in the sterilization process to pass therethrough, and the sterilization packaging paper includes a sterilization identification unit that serves as at least one of a chemical indicator or a biological indicator for confirming the sterilization of the medical waste.

The invention relates to the technical field of research and development of sterile milk packaging materials, and discloses a sterile milk packaging bag and a preparation process thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out a grafting modification effect on chitosan based on a hydroxyl-epoxy ring-opening reaction mechanism or / and an amino-epoxy ring-opening reaction mechanism by utilizing an epoxy-based antibacterial monomer, so as to prepare an antibacterial agent; a film structure of a nine-layer co-extrusion film is arranged, an antibacterial agent is introduced into a first layer and a ninth layer of the nine-layer co-extrusion film, and the antibacterial composite film is prepared by adopting a multi-layer co-extrusion blow molding film forming process and an ultraviolet sterilization process. According to the preparation technology of the nine-layer composite structure film, the prepared nine-layer composite structure film has excellent antibacterial performance and barrier performance and can be used as a raw material in manufacturing of sterile milk packaging bags.

The invention discloses cross-linked recombinant collagen gel as well as a preparation method and application thereof. According to the method, recombinant collagen is taken as a raw material, gel is prepared through catalysis of a coupling agent DMTMM, and the cross-linked recombinant collagen gel is obtained through dialysis, homogenization and sterilization processes. The preparation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high reaction speed, high condensation efficiency, mild reaction conditions and the like, exogenous toxicity is not introduced, and the prepared cross-linked recombinant collagen gel has excellent viscoelasticity, cohesiveness and degradation resistance, is low in safety risk for injection and has a wide application prospect.