The invention provides an optical fiber sensing method which takes a full-scale distribution type and has locally and highly precise collineation, and a system of the optical fiber sensing method comprises the parts of a Brillouin sensing demodulation device, a fiber grating demodulation device, an optical switch (or a coupler) and an FRP-FBG-OF sensing probe, etc. One or a plurality of fiber gratings are written onto an ordinary single mode fiber with arbitrary length and made into the sensing probe through the encapsulation of FRP, and the sampling optical switch or the coupler is respectively connected with the fiber grating demodulation device and a Brillouin distributed testing system, thus forming an intelligent sensing monitoring system which implements the large-scale, full-distributed and locally and highly precise testing of structural damage, achieves the full-scale damage positioning and quantitative testing of important projects and the mutual checking effect, and provides complete, direct and reliable information for structural safety evaluation. The optical fiber sensing method is especially applicable to structural damage monitored objects which are characterized by wide distribution range, long distance and concealed position, etc., and has the advantages of compact system, low cost, strong operability, good stability and durability and reliable result, etc.