248 results about "Lenticular lens" patented technology

The invention provides an objective lens system and optical observation equipment. The objective lens system comprises a fourth lens with positive focal power, a third lens with positive focal power, a second lens with negative focal power and a first lens with positive focal power which are sequentially arranged on the same optical axis from the object side; the first lens and the third lens are biconvex lenses, the second lens is a biconcave lens, the fourth lens is a balsaming lens, and the image side surface of the fourth lens is a convex surface; the focal length f of the objective lens system and the focal length f1 of the first lens satisfy the relationship. According to the invention, during assembly, the tolerance requirement is low, installation and adjustment are more facilitated, the field of view is larger, the vignetting is smaller, the number of lenses is smaller, and the cost performance is higher.

An autostereoscopic display includes a light-emitting panel and a lenticular array in which a focal length of a lenticular lens is different from its thickness. For an intersection of a given row of light-emitting cells and a given lenticular lens, a given viewing direction from a given eye toward said intersection is determined. From light-emitting cells arranged on the given row and on whose optical path the given lenticular lens lies, a set of light-emitting cells whose light travels toward the given eye is determined. Corresponding regions on a curved surface of the given lenticular lens through which light from individual light-emitting cells of the set pass toward the given eye are identified and mapped to respective pixel locations in an image to be presented. Pixel values of pixels located at these pixel locations in the image are retrieved and used to generate an output image for display.

Techniques are disclosed relating to user authentication. In some embodiments, a first device includes an authentication system configured to store an identity of a user of the first device and detect a visual indication presented on a display of a second device in response to a successful biometric authentication of a user of the second device. Based on the visual indication, the authentication system determines that the authenticated user of the second device corresponds to the identity of the user of the first device. In some embodiments, the second device includes a display with a lenticular lens and, in response the user has been authenticated, displays a plurality of visual indications including a first visual indication visible from a first viewing angle and a second visual indication visible from a second viewing angle.

The invention discloses an objective lens imaging system and optical detection equipment. The objective lens imaging system comprises a first concave-convex lens, a first lens group, a second lens group, a fourth concave-convex lens and a plano-convex lens which are sequentially arranged on the same optical axis from an object side to an image side. The convex surface of the first concave-convex lens faces the object side, the plane of the plano-convex lens faces the image side, and the convex surface faces the concave surface of the fourth concave-convex lens; the first lens group comprises a first biconcave lens and a first biconvex lens, the second concave surface of the first biconcave lens is attached to the first convex surface of the first biconvex lens, and the first concave surface of the first biconcave lens faces the concave surface of the first concave-convex lens; the second lens group comprises a second biconvex lens, a second concave-convex lens and a third concave-convex lens, the second concave-convex lens and the third concave-convex lens are attached to the two convex faces of the second biconvex lens, the convex face of the second concave-convex lens faces the second convex face of the first biconvex lens, and the convex face of the third concave-convex lens faces the convex face of the fourth concave-convex lens. The invention has the advantages of small volume, small field loss and excellent resolution.

The invention provides a deep ultraviolet infinite imaging detection objective lens, belongs to the technical field of optics, and solves the problem that tiny defects in a semiconductor device are difficult to discover, the objective lens comprises a first lens group, a diaphragm, a second lens group and a third lens group which are sequentially arranged from an object plane in the optical axis direction, the first lens group has positive focal power, and the second lens group has negative focal power. Comprising a first meniscus lens, a second meniscus lens, a third meniscus lens, a fourth meniscus lens, a fifth meniscus lens and a sixth meniscus lens. The second lens group has positive focal power and comprises a seventh meniscus lens, an eighth meniscus lens, a ninth meniscus lens, a first biconvex lens and a second biconvex lens; the third lens group has negative focal power and comprises a first biconcave lens, a tenth meniscus lens, a second biconcave lens and an eleventh meniscus lens, and finally light emitted from the third lens group is parallel light. According to the invention, the change of different multiplying power can be realized, the method is suitable for a deep ultraviolet wave band with a very short wavelength, the numerical aperture is larger, and the resolution is higher.

The invention discloses a fluorescent confocal microscopic endoscopic imaging lens, which comprises three groups of doublet lenses, specifically comprising a first lens group, a second lens group and a third lens group, the first lens group comprises a plano-concave lens and a first biconvex lens which are sequentially arranged from an object space side to an image space side, and the second lens group comprises a plano-concave lens and a second biconvex lens which are sequentially arranged from an object space side to an image space side; the detector is used for collecting fluorescence signals emitted by an object space and adjusting light angles; the second lens group comprises a first negative meniscus lens and a second biconvex lens, and is used for relaying transmission light and balancing aberration so as to gently transition a light angle; and the third lens group comprises a second negative meniscus lens and a positive meniscus lens and is used for focusing the light to the end face of the optical fiber bundle. The lens is compact in structure, reasonable in light path matching and suitable for human tissue close imaging scenes, has the advantages of being high in resolution, low in distortion, excellent in chromatic aberration control and the like, and is suitable for digestive tract early cancer diagnosis and confocal imaging system integration.

An optical system of binoculars includes a first object biconvex lens of positive focal power, a second object meniscus lens of negative focal power, a third object meniscus lens of positive focal power, a fourth object meniscus lens of negative focal power, a half pentaprism, a roof prism, a first eyepiece biconcave lens of negative focal power, a second eyepiece biconvex lens of positive focal power, a third eyepiece biconvex lens of positive focal power, a fourth eyepiece meniscus lens of negative focal power, and a fifth eyepiece meniscus lens of positive focal power. These are sequentially arranged along an optical axis direction from an object side to an observation side. When focusing, the fourth object lens moves along the optical axis direction. The binoculars include an exit pupil diameter range of 3.5 mm-4.5 mm, an exit pupil distance range of 15-18 mm, and a field angle range of 6°-6.5°.

The utility model discloses an optical imaging lens group and a scanning display device, and relates to the technical field of scanning display. The optical imaging lens group provided by the utility model comprises a first lens, a second lens, a third lens and a fourth lens which are sequentially arranged along a common optical axis from a first side to a second side, wherein the first side is arranged opposite to a light emitting end of an optical fiber scanner; the focal power of the first lens, the second lens and the third lens is positive, the focal power of the fourth lens is positive or negative, the image side surface of the first lens is a convex surface, the object side surface of the second lens is a concave surface, the third lens is a biconvex lens, the fourth lens is a meniscus lens and is bent towards the second side, the image side surface of the fourth lens is a convex surface, and the object side surface of the fourth lens is a concave surface.

The invention discloses a methane and carbon dioxide dry reforming reactor in the technical field of methane reforming reactors, which comprises a reaction tank, a multi-section lens column is rotatably mounted in the lower end of the reaction tank, the lower end of the reaction tank is divided into an outer heating bin and an inner reaction bin by the multi-section lens column, and a light energy introduction assembly is arranged at the upper end of the reaction tank. The light energy introduction assembly comprises a fixed lens group which comprises a biconvex lens and a biconcave lens, the biconvex lens is fixedly mounted at the upper end of the reaction tank, and the biconcave lens is mounted between the biconvex lens and the multi-section lens column; the rotating lens group is composed of a plurality of movable units, the movable units are installed on the edge of the upper end of the reaction tank at equal intervals, each movable unit comprises an installation frame and a movable convex lens, the inner reaction bin and the outer heating bin are arranged in a sleeving mode, loss in the heat transmission process is reduced, and through the effect of a multi-section lens column and a biconcave lens, the heat transfer efficiency is improved. And the guided light energy is dispersed, so that the light energy can be uniformly distributed.

The invention discloses a large-view-field space detection optical lens. The large-view-field space detection optical lens comprises a front lens group, a diaphragm, a rear lens group and an image surface which are sequentially arranged from an object side surface to an image side surface, the front lens group filters incident light waves and forms an intermediate image; the diaphragm controls the luminous flux by adjusting the relative aperture of the diaphragm; the rear lens group amplifies the intermediate image, corrects aberration and performs optical imaging through an image surface; the front lens group comprises a first optical filter, a first negative meniscus lens, a first biconvex lens and a second biconvex lens which are sequentially arranged from a position far away from the diaphragm to a position close to the diaphragm; and the rear lens group comprises a first biconcave lens, a third biconvex lens, a fourth biconvex lens, a first positive meniscus lens, a second negative meniscus lens, a second positive meniscus lens, a third negative meniscus lens and a second optical filter which are sequentially arranged from the diaphragm to the image plane. The optical lens provided by the invention has the characteristics of circular light spot, large view field, low chromatic aberration, low distortion, high resolution and small form deviation of light spots in each view field.

The application discloses a large-view-field object-side telecentric projection imaging method and a lens for a vehicle lamp. Incident light rays are converged through two large-aperture meniscus lens; the converged light rays are reduced in size and aberration through a double cemented lens group composed of a first negative double-concave lens and a first positive double-convex lens; the light rays are further converged through a second negative meniscus lens, so that the light rays all enter a diaphragm; chromatic aberration is corrected through three cemented lenses, and aberration is further reduced, and a spherical aberration can be corrected since the aperture diaphragm is located on the object side of the three cemented lenses; the light path is further converged through two double-convex lens groups, and distortion is reduced, the light rays enter a TIR total reflection prism, pass through a protective glass, and are clearly imaged on a DMD image plane. The imaging method provided by the application can realize object-side telecentric projection imaging under a large view field through the cooperation of conditional expressions and positive and negative focal lengths between the lenses, and the imaging is high in definition.

This application provides an AR lens module and an optical display device; wherein, the AR lens module includes a lens group and a display chip arranged along the same optical axis; the lens group consists of a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens and a fifth lens arranged sequentially, the fifth lens being arranged adjacent to the display chip; the first lens to the fourth lens are plastic aspherical lenses, and the fifth lens is a glass aspherical lens; wherein, the first lens is a biconvex lens, and the effective focal length F1 of the first lens is 3.6mm to 4.3mm.

The invention relates to a naked-eye 3D display system based on a multi-layer phase modulation composite grating, belongs to the technical field of stereoscopic display, and aims to overcome the technical bottlenecks of low brightness of an existing parallax barrier grating, large crosstalk caused by large thickness of a cylindrical lens and serious dispersion of a diffraction element. The system comprises a two-dimensional display panel and a composite diffraction grating, pixel units of the display panel are composed of red, green and blue sub-pixel matrixes and are coded according to viewpoints. The composite diffraction grating is attached to the light emitting side of the panel, is made of an optical anisotropic material and is of a multi-layer structure, and a first micro-nano structure layer and a second micro-nano structure layer are sequentially arranged along a light path; the first layer is an aspherical focusing array, and the phase delay of the aspherical focusing array meets a quadric surface function so as to collimate light waves; the second layer is a dispersion compensation type deflection array, and the grating period of the second layer is accurately matched with the central wavelength of the sub-pixels, so that light of different colors is projected at the same deflection angle. According to the invention, full-color dispersion-free display is realized, the thickness of the device is less than 50 microns, and crosstalk is obviously reduced.

An imaging lens includes a first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth lens. The first lens is a meniscus lens with negative refractive power and includes a convex surface facing the object side and a concave surface facing the image side. The second lens has refractive power and includes a concave surface facing the object side. The third lens has refractive power and includes a convex surface facing the image side. The fourth lens has refractive power and includes a convex surface facing the image side. The fifth lens has refractive power. The sixth lens is a biconvex lens with positive refractive power. The imaging lens satisfies the condition: 87mm. 2 ≤fLL×TTL≤111mm 2 Or condition: 12 degrees / mm ≤ HFOV / fLL ≤ 17 degrees / mm; where fLL is the effective focal length of the lens closest to the image side, TTL is the distance from the object side of the first lens to the imaging surface along the optical axis, and HFOV is the half field of view of the imaging lens.

The invention relates to an athermalization optical system. The system comprises a protection window, a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens, a sixth lens, a seventh lens, an eighth lens, a ninth lens, a tenth lens, an optical filter, a detector window and an image plane which are sequentially arranged in the light propagation direction and share the same optical axis. The first lens is a negative meniscus lens protruding towards the object side. The second lens is a biconcave lens; the third lens is a biconvex lens; the fourth lens is a positive meniscus lens protruding towards the object side. The fifth lens is a negative meniscus lens protruding towards the object side. The sixth lens is a biconvex lens; the seventh lens is a biconcave lens; the eighth lens is a biconvex lens; the ninth lens is a negative meniscus lens protruding towards the image space. The tenth lens is a biconvex lens; the surface of each lens is a spherical surface; the diaphragm is arranged on the front surface of the sixth lens. The optical system has the advantages of large field of view, high-resolution imaging, simple and reliable structure, high assembly efficiency and capability of being produced on a large scale.

The invention relates to the field of optical display and material engineering, in particular to an optical film with a 3D light splitting function and a manufacturing method of the optical film. An optical film with a 3D light splitting function comprises a transparent optical base material and a microstructure layer integrally formed with the surface of the transparent optical base material, the microstructure layer comprises a cylindrical lens grating layer and a parallax barrier layer, and the cylindrical lens grating layer is integrally formed on the surface of the transparent optical base material. The cylindrical lens grating layer is of a micro-nano structure formed by a nano-scale grating and a micron-scale cylindrical micro-lens array; the parallax barrier layer is located on the side, away from the transparent optical base material, of the cylindrical lens grating layer. The optical film has excellent optical efficiency, wider visual angle, excellent brightness uniformity and excellent moire inhibition capability, has 2D / 3D switching, peep-proof and other functions, can adapt to light requirements of different scenes, can serve as a core display optical element to be directly integrated in various display devices, and has wide application prospects. And the application limitation of an externally-pasted protective film is broken.

The utility model relates to a microobjective for mineral detection, which comprises a lens cone and an optical structure arranged in the lens cone, the optical structure comprises a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens and a protective window sheet which are sequentially arranged from an image plane to an object plane along an optical axis, and the protective window sheet is made of sapphire. The first lens and the second lens form a first balsaming lens group, and the third lens and the fourth lens form a second balsaming lens group; the first lens is a meniscus lens, the second lens is a biconvex lens, the third lens is a biconcave lens, the fourth lens is a biconvex lens, and the fifth lens is a plano-convex lens. According to the utility model, the design is reasonable, the optical total length of 400mm can be realized, the particle diameter below 1mu m can be distinguished, the detection requirements of mineral solution are met, and the sapphire protection window with high hardness is additionally arranged at the front end to adapt to a complex and severe solution environment so as to prevent the mineral particles from being scratched and cracked.

The application provides a transmitting lens assembly, an optical device and a laser radar, and relates to the technical field of laser radars; the transmitting lens assembly comprises a lenticular lens, a meniscus lens and a plurality of micro-lens arrays; the meniscus lens is arranged on the light-emitting direction of the lenticular lens and is spaced apart from the lenticular lens; at least one first light-in area is formed on the first light-in arc surface of the meniscus lens, and the plurality of micro-lens arrays are distributed on each first light-in area; a laser beam emitted by a scanning laser light source is incident into the lenticular lens, and each first light-in area corresponds to the laser beam; the lenticular lens emits the laser beam into the micro-lens array corresponding to the first light-in area; the micro-lens array on each first light-in area emits the incident light beam energy after homogenization and then emits the light beam to the meniscus lens; and the meniscus lens corrects the distortion of the incident light beam. The optical performance of the transmitting lens assembly in the application enables the emitted laser beam to have uniformity and stability.

The invention discloses a macro lens for nucleic acid detection, and relates to the technical field of molecular detection. The macro lens for nucleic acid detection comprises a lens group, the lens group comprises a lens barrel, a first biconvex lens is fixedly arranged in the lens barrel, a first doublet lens is arranged on the right side of the first biconvex lens, a second doublet lens is arranged on the right side of the first doublet lens, and the second doublet lens is arranged on the right side of the second doublet lens. A third doublet lens is arranged on the right side of the second doublet lens, a fourth doublet lens is arranged on the right side of the third doublet lens, and a fifth doublet lens is arranged on the right side of the fourth doublet lens. According to the macro lens for nucleic acid detection, aberration is corrected through a specific bonding lens group so as to realize high-definition fluorescence imaging, the fluorescence collection sensitivity is improved through a large numerical aperture and long back focal length structure, an exciting light module is convenient to integrate by using a turning light path of a corner prism, and the overall layout is more compact.

The invention relates to the technical field of lasers, in particular to a multi-wavelength coaxial line polarization homogenization laser system which comprises a laser light source, a collimation module, a coaxial beam combination module and a homogenization module. The laser light source is used for outputting a plurality of linearly polarized lasers; the collimation module is used for matching the laser spot to collimated laser with a target size; the coaxial beam combining module is used for integrating the multi-wavelength laser to the same light path and enabling the coaxiality to be smaller than or equal to 0.01 mrad; the homogenizing module comprises an aspheric lens, an aspheric mirror, a concave-convex lens and a biconvex lens, the aspheric lens is used for expanding the light beams, and the aspheric mirror, the concave-convex lens and the biconvex lens are used for converting the Gaussian light beams into uniform flat-topped light beams, so that the homogenizing module eliminates multi-wavelength dispersion and outputs coaxial laser beams with the light intensity uniformity larger than or equal to 90%. According to the multi-wavelength coaxial line polarization homogenization laser system, the multi-wavelength coaxiality and the light intensity uniformity can be improved, and meanwhile, the complexity of the laser system is reduced.

This invention provides a five-element glass lens for automotive headlight projection, belonging to the field of automotive lighting technology. The five-element glass lens comprises a first positive biconvex lens, a negative biconcave lens, a first positive meniscus lens, a second positive biconvex lens, and a second positive meniscus lens, arranged sequentially along the optical axis from the object plane to the image plane. The image plane side surface of the first positive meniscus lens is convex, and the object plane side surface is concave. Similarly, the object plane side surface of the second positive meniscus lens is convex, and the image plane side surface is concave. This invention's automotive headlight projection lens features a large relative aperture, high transmittance, low distortion, and strong high and low temperature stability, meeting the dual requirements of illumination and imaging in automotive projection headlights.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a lenticular lens on a conductive surface of a transparent support, the method comprising imprinting a curable resin on the support with a lenticular mold, followed by curing the resin and removing the mold to yield a lenticular device comprising the transparent support and a lenticular lens provided thereon. A small part of the curable resin comprises conductive particles, which after curing provide the lenticular lens with a conductive path between the conductive support surface and the lenticular lens surface. The conductive support surface is in this way easily and directly electrically accessible as a planar electrode, when the lenticular device is incorporated in an electrically switchable liquid crystal cell. Accordingly, the invention further relates to such lenticular device, to a liquid crystal cell comprising such lenticular device, and to an autostereoscopic display device comprising such liquid crystal cell.

The application relates to an optical imaging method for a large-view-field TOF camera. Incident light rays are converged by three pieces of spherical lens groups, the spherical lens groups in the light ray incident direction successively include a first piece of negative meniscus lens, a second piece of negative meniscus lens and a first piece of positive double-convex lens; the converged light rays are reduced in vignetting by an aperture diaphragm; an aspheric double-concave lens with an aspheric front surface and a spherical rear surface is used for aberration correction; then two pieces of spherical lens groups are used for twice refraction focusing light paths, correcting aberration and clearly imaging on an image plane; the two pieces of spherical lens groups successively include a positive double-concave lens and a second piece of positive double-convex lens. The imaging method provided by the application uses only one aspheric mirror, the rest of the lens surfaces are spherical, and all the lenses use the same glass material; the system uses an image far field and a reverse distance structure, and meets the requirements of the TOF camera on a large view field, miniaturization and good image quality.

The utility model discloses a kind of miniature wide-angle lenses, it includes first lens, second lens, third lens, fourth lens, fifth lens, sixth lens and seventh lens sequentially distributed from object side to image side along optical axis, wherein: first lens is the convex-concave lens with negative optical power, wherein, the first surface of first lens close to object side is convex, and the second surface close to image side is concave;Second lens is the double convex lens with positive optical power;Third lens is the double concave lens with negative optical power;Fourth lens is the convex-concave lens with positive optical power;Fifth lens is the double convex lens with positive optical power;Sixth lens is the convex-concave lens with positive optical power;Seventh lens is the flat lens with positive optical power.In the utility model, the optical structure of seven glass lenses is used in the miniature wide-angle lens, to reduce the overall volume of miniature wide-angle lens.

The utility model discloses imaging equipment. The imaging equipment comprises a lens; a plano-convex lens, a biconcave lens and a biconvex lens are sequentially arranged in the lens at intervals in the first direction. One surface, opposite to the biconcave lens, of the plano-convex lens is a convex curved surface and is used for facing a shot object, and one surface, facing the biconcave lens, of the plano-convex lens is a plane; the two back-to-back faces of the biconcave lens are inwards-concave curved surfaces, the curvature of the face, facing the plano-convex lens, of the biconcave lens is smaller than that of the face, facing the biconvex lens, of the biconcave lens, the two back-to-back faces of the biconvex lens are outwards-convex curved surfaces, and the face, facing the biconcave lens, of the biconvex lens is used for facing an image plane. According to the imaging equipment provided by the invention, the aberration generated during near object imaging is reduced, the imaging definition is improved, and the imaging effect is improved.

This invention discloses a wide-band, large-area infrared imaging lens covering short-wave and mid-wave bands, comprising a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens, a sixth lens, and a seventh lens arranged sequentially from the object plane to the image plane; the first lens is a biconvex lens with positive refractive power; the second lens is a biconcave lens with negative refractive power; the third lens is a plano-concave lens with negative refractive power; the fourth lens is a convex-concave lens with positive refractive power; the fifth lens is a convex-concave lens with negative refractive power; the sixth lens is a biconvex lens with positive refractive power; and the seventh lens is a convex-plano lens with positive refractive power. This wide-band, large-area infrared imaging lens covering short-wave and mid-wave bands is suitable for the 1.5-5.5µm band, can be matched with high-resolution 1280x1024 (10µm) infrared detectors, has high optical throughput, can be used for imaging objects at greater distances, and has a compact structure.

The present invention relates to a stereoscopic image display device which improves manufacturing convenience and uniformity of 3D resolution by improving a multilayer functional film structure of a head-up display device applied to a vehicle or the like. According to the present invention, a thick multi-layer functional film structure applied to a head-up display device is replaced with a glass plate from a stacked structure, so that the shrinkage rate and expansion rate of a lenticular lens can be minimized, and manufacturing convenience and uniformity of 3D resolution can be improved, thereby ensuring reliability. Furthermore, deformation of the lens layer can be prevented by minimizing the thickness of the lenticular lens forming layer, and uniformity of the lens can be ensured by simplifying the structure in which the lens is attached to the glass plate, thereby improving commodity. Moreover, two lenses having different refractive indexes of the lenticular lenses are combined to greatly form the height (SAG) of the lenticular lens and reduce the curvature, so that the difficulty in the manufacturing process can be solved, and the productivity can be improved.

The invention discloses an ultrashort pulse dynamic regulation and control device and method based on double acousto-optic deflectors, and belongs to the technical field related to laser. The device comprises an acousto-optic deflector group and a 4f optical system, the 4f optical system is formed by biconvex lenses with two times of focal length, and the optical axis is parallel to the horizontal plane; the 4f optical system changes the positive and negative of the symbols of acousto-optic effect group delay dispersion and improves the range of group delay dispersion; the acousto-optic deflector group is composed of two acousto-optic deflectors which are arranged in parallel and in opposite directions, and the two acousto-optic deflectors are located on the two sides of the 4f optical system respectively and are both perpendicular to the optical axis. First polarized light of an input light beam is converted into second polarized light through the first acousto-optic deflector, the second polarized light is converted into first polarized parallel light beams through the 4f optical system and the second acousto-optic deflector, and an output light beam is obtained. The acousto-optic deflector group provides continuously adjustable group delay dispersion and regulates and controls the pulse width of an output light beam. The device is low in cost, is simple to operate, and dynamically regulates and controls the pulse width of the output light beam.

An optical element (10), which is an embodiment of the present invention, has a first main surface (11a) and a second main surface (12a) facing each other, the first main surface (11a) having a first lenticular lens (11), the second main surface (12a) having a second lenticular lens (12), the long axis direction (Y) of the first lenticular lens (11) being orthogonal to the long axis direction (X) of the second lenticular lens (12), and the long axis direction (Y) of the second lenticular lens (12) being orthogonal to the long axis direction (X) of the first lenticular lens (11). The first lenticular lens (11) has a curved surface shape having a cone constant kx of-2.4 to-0.6 (inclusive), and the second lenticular lens (12) has a curved surface shape having a cone constant ky of-0.9 to-0.5 (inclusive), or the first lenticular lens (11) intersects the second lenticular lens (12) so as to further form an off angle in the range of + / -70 degrees with the orthogonality.