1267results about "Pumping plants" patented technology

The invention provides an automatic energy-saving control method and device for a ring cooling fan based on load feedback, relates to the field of ring cooling fans, and solves the technical problem of delay of regulation and control in an energy-saving working state. The method comprises the steps that working condition data are input into a preset powder box model, and a feed-forward air volume instruction is obtained through calculation; and inputting the working condition data into a state observer to obtain an optimal estimated temperature value. And the deviation between the optimal estimated temperature value and a preset temperature set value is calculated, and a feedback air volume compensation instruction is obtained through calculation of a feedback controller according to the deviation. And fusing the feed-forward air volume instruction and the feedback air volume compensation instruction to obtain a final air volume control instruction, and issuing the final air volume control instruction to a fan frequency converter for execution. And continuously monitoring the numerical value and the change trend of the feedback air volume compensation instruction, taking the feedback air volume compensation instruction as a prediction error signal of the powder box model, and adaptively adjusting key thermal parameters in the powder box model. The method is used in the control process of the ring cooling fan.

The invention provides an intelligent pump room real-time monitoring and data analysis method and system and a medium. The method comprises the following steps: extracting water pump operation characteristic data, motor operation characteristic data and valve operation characteristic data corresponding to a plurality of monitoring time points, processing according to the water pump operation characteristic data to obtain a water pump performance reliability index, processing according to the motor operation characteristic data to obtain a motor state stability index, processing according to the water pump operation characteristic data and the valve operation characteristic data to obtain a water pump adjustment sensitivity index, obtaining environment characteristic data of an area where the target pump room is located, and processing to obtain an environment interference suppression degree index; processing is conducted by combining the water pump performance reliability index, the motor state stability index and the water pump adjusting sensitivity index, the equipment operation effect index of the target pump house is obtained, the target pump house is correspondingly adjusted and maintained, and therefore the technology of real-time monitoring and data analysis of the intelligent pump house is achieved.

The invention relates to a secondary water supply optimal scheduling method and device for a building, and aims to realize efficient, stable and intelligent operation of a secondary water supply system through water supply demand prediction, multi-objective optimal scheduling and real-time monitoring and feedback. The method comprises the following steps: predicting future water demand by using a long short-term memory neural network, constructing a multi-objective optimization model containing energy consumption, water supply pressure and pump set life, and solving an optimal scheduling scheme by adopting a genetic algorithm. By monitoring water supply pressure and flow in real time and dynamically adjusting start and stop and frequency conversion speed regulation of the water pump, energy-saving operation of the system is ensured, and the service life of equipment is prolonged. The system is suitable for secondary water supply systems of high-rise buildings and large building groups.

The invention discloses a water storage and drainage system capable of keeping slope stability. The water storage and drainage system comprises a water drainage pipe assembly and an automatic water supplementing assembly. The drainage pipe assembly comprises a plurality of transverse assembly type pipes, a plurality of oblique assembly type pipes and a plurality of plastic capillary pipes, the transverse assembly type pipes and the oblique assembly type pipes are perpendicularly communicated in a staggered mode, and the transverse assembly type pipes are communicated with the plastic capillary pipes at the corresponding positions. A sand cushion layer and a perlite layer are laid on the slope surface of the side slope; the automatic water supplementing assembly comprises a water pumping machine, a plurality of water supplementing pipes and a plurality of wireless temperature and humidity sensors. A water outlet of the water pumping machine is connected with the water supplementing pipes through a water conveying pipeline. The water pumping machine is provided with an intelligent automatic sensing system; the water storage and drainage system capable of keeping the stability of the side slope further comprises a plurality of assembly type concrete sash beams laid on the perlite layer, and the water supplementing pipe is connected with the rotating spray heads. A soil dressing layer used for planting cold-resistant water-retaining vegetation is laid in the planting area of the fabricated concrete sash beam. The water content of the side slope can be effectively adjusted and controlled, so that the stability of the side slope is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of information processing, in particular to a pump station adjusting method and device based on digital twinning, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining real-time data and historical data of a pump station, and synchronizing the real-time data and the historical data to a digital twinning platform; obtaining a scheduling strategy generated by the digital twin platform based on the real-time data and the historical data; and adjusting the operation mode of the pump station based on the scheduling strategy. The operation process of the pump station is reproduced based on the digital twinborn technology, and the scheduling strategy is formulated by using the real-time data and historical data of the pump station, so that the fine regulation and optimization of the operation state of the pump station can be realized, and the energy efficiency is improved by optimizing the operation parameters of the pump station; the energy consumption is reduced, the change of external environment and urban demand can be quickly responded, and the operation mode of the pump station is dynamically adjusted.

The invention provides an automatic sprinkling irrigation system which comprises a water storage device, the water storage device comprises a water storage piece and a rainwater collection piece, the rainwater collection piece is arranged at the upper end of the water storage piece, the rainwater collection piece is provided with a collection part, and the collection part is communicated with the water storage piece through a flow guide channel; the power supply device is arranged on the water storage device and comprises a photovoltaic panel, the sprinkling irrigation device comprises a water pipe and a nozzle, one end of the water pipe communicates with the water storage device, and the other end of the water pipe communicates with the nozzle; the control device comprises a sensor and a control unit. According to the technical scheme, the underground water storage part and the ground rainwater collection part are combined, rainwater is efficiently collected and stored, and evaporation loss and ground space occupation are reduced. The sprinkling irrigation device is connected with the water storage piece through a water pipe, sprayers can be flexibly arranged according to requirements, and uniform irrigation is achieved. The control device integrates a sensor and a control unit, monitors soil humidity, illumination and other environmental parameters in real time, automatically adjusts an irrigation strategy, ensures timely and appropriate irrigation, and solves the problem of water resource waste.

The invention belongs to the technical field of water supply network adjustment, and particularly relates to a water supply network pressure and flow adjusting method. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, collecting pressure, flow and water temperature data of a monitoring node at present and in a preset time period, wherein the preset time period is set according to a water consumption period; preprocessing flow data through a sliding window method and fitting a curve, and marking an instantaneous disturbance time period; the dynamic response coefficient of each disturbance time period is calculated, and water temperature correction is needed; combining the flow standard score, the dynamic response coefficient and the real-time deviation coefficient to obtain a flow dynamic regulation index; a pressure stability index is obtained through pressure and water temperature trend feature vector matching; the two are subjected to weighted fusion to form a pipe network comprehensive regulation factor, and the valve opening and the water pump power are regulated accordingly. The method can accurately identify instantaneous disturbance, improve the adjustment precision and response speed, and guarantee stable water supply.

A system for a water generation apparatus of a vehicle includes a sensing device that detects an environmental condition of a geographical area associated with the vehicle. A display device is configured to present a depiction of the geographical area. A controller is in communication with the sensing device and the display device. The controller is configured to determine at least one water generation estimate for the water generation apparatus based on the environmental condition and the geographical area. The controller is further configured to generate a modified representation of the geographical area based on the at least one water generation estimate and the depiction of the geographical area. The controller is further configured to communicate an instruction to present the modified representation at the display device.

The invention provides a constant-pressure water supply control method and system for a secondary-supply standardized pump room and a medium. The method comprises the steps that multiple historical water supply data including water supply time data, corresponding water pump water supply pressure data and user node water supply pressure data in a preset time period are obtained and processed, a water supply pressure grade and corresponding water supply pressure and water supply time are obtained, and processing is carried out in combination with the user node water supply pressure; the method comprises the steps of obtaining a pipeline pressure loss value corresponding to a water supply pressure grade, obtaining and processing real-time water supply time point data, obtaining and processing the water supply pressure grade, the corresponding water supply pressure and the pipeline pressure loss value, obtaining and processing real-time required water supply pressure of a water pump, then supplying water and obtaining and processing real-time water supply pressure data of a user node. Obtaining a real-time water supply evaluation index, finally carrying out threshold comparison, and controlling the adjustment of a water supply mode according to a comparison result. Therefore, constant-pressure water supply and accurate control of secondary water supply are achieved, and meanwhile energy consumption is reduced.

The invention provides a robust control automatic setting method for a constant-pressure water supply system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a system working condition in real time, and extracting multi-dimensional state parameters including real-time flow, pressure deviation, current deviation and power deviation; the current load working condition is judged according to the pressure deviation, disturbance characteristics are analyzed by integrating all parameters, and the disturbance grade and type are determined. On the basis, robust control parameters are automatically set in combination with real-time working conditions, load conditions and disturbance characteristics of the system. And finally, performing multi-stage cooperative control on the system by using the set parameters, so that the constant-pressure water supply system is automatically set. According to the robust control automatic setting method for the constant-pressure water supply system, load working conditions and disturbance characteristics are recognized based on multi-dimensional state parameters, robust control parameters are self-set in a targeted mode, and automatic setting of the constant-pressure water supply system is achieved through multi-stage cooperative control. Therefore, the intelligent level of the constant-pressure water supply system and the adaptability in different operation environments are effectively improved.

The invention discloses a pump station optimal scheduling method, which comprises the following steps of: setting a target function by taking the minimum power consumption carbon emission intensity Ee of a pump station as a target and taking the startup and shutdown variable and the water pump speed regulation ratio of each water pump in the pump station as decision variables; setting constraint conditions for solving the objective function, wherein the constraint conditions comprise water supply flow and water supply pressure constraints of the pump station; and solving a pump station optimization scheduling scheme. And using a plurality of different intelligent optimization algorithms to solve the new objective function to obtain a plurality of pump station optimization scheduling schemes, thereby determining an optimal pump station optimization scheduling scheme. The water supply requirement can be met, and low-carbon water supply can be achieved to the maximum extent.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a water source by utilizing deep-sea low-temperature water and an efficient water preparation system thereof, relates to the technical field of water collection, and comprises the method for preparing the water source by utilizing the deep-sea low-temperature water and the efficient water preparation system. Deep-sea low-temperature water is pumped as a refrigerant, a low-temperature cold surface is formed in the efficient water collector on the sea surface, when the temperature of the cold surface and the ambient temperature on the sea surface form a temperature difference and reach a dew point, water molecules in the atmosphere form water drops on the surface of the water collecting pipe, and the water drops are collected and purified to form a water source. The bionic technical principles including the honeycomb principle and the nano brooch beetle hydrophilic principle are applied, the water collecting pipe is of an equilateral hexagonal structure, and after beetle surface pattern optimization treatment is simulated, the contact area between the surface of the refrigerating pipe and air is further increased, the hydrophilic capacity of the efficient water collector is enhanced, and therefore the water production efficiency is improved.

The utility model discloses a branch pipeline utilizing a centrifugal pump to adjust flow, which comprises a main water tank, a water outlet pipe is arranged at the bottom of the main water tank, the side face of the water outlet pipe is connected with a water outlet branch pipe through a centrifugal pump, and a return pipe is connected between the water outlet branch pipe and the upper end of the main water tank. According to the utility model, the combination of the return pipe and the flow velocity sensor is introduced, so that unstable water flow can be automatically guided back to the main water tank at the initial stage of starting of the centrifugal pump, and the damage to the water outlet branch pipe caused by water flow impact is effectively avoided. By means of the design, the aging speed of the pipeline is remarkably reduced, the service life of the pipeline is prolonged, and the maintenance cost and the water cut-off time caused by pipeline damage are reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of water conservancy projects, in particular to a large pump station system which comprises a gate area, a sedimentation tank, a filter station, a transition area and a pump station runner area which are sequentially arranged in the water flow direction, an anti-floating bottom plate extends outwards from the edge of a wall of the large pump station system, and the gate area is provided with at least two main gates and at least one auxiliary gate; a plurality of first energy dissipation piers are arranged in the sedimentation tank; coarse screens and fine screens are arranged between the adjacent filter station guide walls in the filter station and between the filter station guide walls and the outer wall of the filter station; the transition area is in a horn mouth shape in the water inflow direction, and a plurality of second energy dissipation piers are arranged in the transition area. Water suction heads of water taking pumps are arranged between the adjacent water distribution walls in the pump station flow channel area and between the water distribution walls and the outer wall of the pump station flow channel area. According to the large pump station system, the anti-floating stability is improved through the anti-floating bottom plate, the water flow energy is gradually reduced through the partition design, and the problem that the pump station system is prone to being unstable due to the fact that a large amount of seawater flows into the pump station is effectively solved.

The invention relates to a photovoltaic pavement unit with a cooling function, a photovoltaic pavement and a pavement cooling method. According to the technical scheme, the photovoltaic pavement unit with the cooling function comprises a road surface layer and a power generation layer, a gap with a certain height exists between the road surface layer and the power generation layer, an atomization nozzle and a fan are arranged on the upper surface of the power generation layer, a base layer is arranged below the power generation layer, a water tank is arranged in the base layer, and a water pump is arranged at the bottom of the water tank. An upper-layer temperature sensor is further arranged on the upper surface of the power generation layer, a control module is further arranged in the base layer, the upper-layer temperature sensor is electrically connected with the control module, and the water pump and the fan are controlled by signals of the control module. The cooling device has the beneficial effects that when the temperature above the power generation layer rises, the atomization nozzles can input water mist between the road surface layer and the power generation layer, fan airflow enables the water mist to be evaporated and cooled, the upper portion of the power generation layer is cooled, the cooling effect of the photovoltaic road surface is better, and the upper temperature and the lower temperature are more balanced.

A water use management system may be installed in a setting that contains a primary infrastructure for water use to provide an alternate, modular infrastructure for water use. Fresh water used at various points of use, such as a shower or sink, may be diverted into the modular infrastructure prior to draining into the primary infrastructure. Once diverted, the precedent use water is received at a reservoir system where it is treated for a subsequent use. Treatment may include filtration and / or chemical treatment, and may be based upon sensor feedback from the reservoir system. Once treated, the water is ready for subsequent use and may flow from the reservoir system, via the modular infrastructure, to a subsequent point of use, such as a toilet.

The invention discloses an urban water supply system and method, and belongs to the technical field of urban water supply. The system comprises a first segmentation module used for dividing an urban area into a plurality of first blocks, each first block is correspondingly provided with a water storage unit, the water storage units are connected with a main water pipeline, the main water pipeline is connected with a plurality of water supply main pipes, the water supply main pipes are connected with a plurality of water supply branch pipes, and the water supply branch pipes are connected with a user side; the control unit is used for receiving the water consumption data and forming a data set; the storage unit is used for forming the water consumption of all the user sides of each water supply main pipe in different time periods; the first valve is arranged at the joint of the main water pipeline and the water supply main pipe; when water is supplied, the water consumption in the corresponding time period is extracted, and the opening degree of the first valve is controlled, so that water entering the water supply main pipe reaches the extracted water consumption in the time period, and therefore, the water supply capacity can be improved in the water peak period, and the excessive water supply capacity can be prevented in the water valley period.

The invention relates to the field of pump room intelligent control, and particularly discloses a pump room control method and system. The method comprises the steps that pump body vibration signals and current signals are collected, and input characteristic data of a unified structure are constructed; inputting the feature data into the fusion depth diagnosis model, extracting multi-dimensional features, completing association modeling, and generating a risk assessment information structure; generating an alarm mark and an isolation demand according to the risk information, and executing a fault pump isolation operation; a standby pump scheduling sequence is generated according to the isolation result, and a switching instruction is sent out; and combining system feedback information to optimize a diagnosis model and a scheduling strategy. According to the invention, the fault identification precision, the isolation control efficiency and the intelligent level of standby pump dispatching of the pump room under complex working conditions are obviously improved.

A control system for a plumbing fixture includes at least a network device, a plumbing fixture, and a controller. The network device is configured to detect a plurality of connections for mobile devices in an indoor space associated with the plumbing fixture. A controller configured to compare the plurality of connections to an occupancy threshold and generate a command for the plumbing fixture.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of water inlet devices, and discloses a water tank water inlet device which comprises a large water tank with an opening in the upper end, a supporting plate is fixed to the side wall of the large water tank, a small water tank is installed on the upper surface of the supporting plate, an exhaust valve is arranged on the upper surface of the small water tank, and a first communicating pipe is connected to the exhaust valve. The bottom of the small water tank is connected with a first communicating pipe, the other end of the first communicating pipe extends into the large water tank, the bottom of the small water tank is connected with a second communicating pipe, the other end of the second communicating pipe is connected with the lower end of the side wall of the large water tank, a floating ball valve is arranged in the small water tank, the floating ball valve is connected with a main valve, and the main valve is connected with a guide pipe used for water inflow. The floating ball switch has the effect of reducing the damage probability of the floating ball switch.

The utility model relates to the technical field of green buildings, and discloses a building ventilation structure capable of reducing carbon emission, which comprises a building body, a green plant cultivation area arranged at the top end of the building body, a light-transmitting cover plate arranged at the top end of the green plant cultivation area, a water collecting tank arranged on the side edge of the green plant cultivation area, a water collecting tank connected to the bottom end of the water collecting tank, and a water storage tank connected to the bottom end of the water collecting tank. The top end of the reservoir is fixedly connected with a spraying assembly, a ventilation plate is arranged in the building body, the side edge of the building body is connected with a ventilation hood, and an exhaust fan is arranged in the ventilation hood. According to the device, rainwater is firstly filtered and collected through the water collecting tank, then water supply spraying is conducted on green plants in the green plant breeding area through the spraying assembly, water supply in the green plant breeding process is kept, meanwhile, blocking is avoided, then gas in the building body is conveyed into the green plant breeding area through the exhaust fan, and the environment is protected. The green plants in the green plant cultivation area absorb carbon substances in the gas, and the effect of reducing carbon emission is achieved.

A photovoltaic power station-based desertification area ecological restoration device of the present invention comprises a photovoltaic power generation assembly, the photovoltaic power generation assembly comprises a photovoltaic support, a photovoltaic panel, a control unit and a power storage unit, and a sunshade area below the photovoltaic panel is used for planting sand prevention plants. The top end of the photovoltaic panel is provided with a flushing pipe used for flushing the surface of the photovoltaic panel, the flushing pipe is connected with a shunt pipe, the lower end of the photovoltaic panel is provided with a collecting tank, and the ground is provided with drip irrigation pipes used for irrigating sand-proof plants; the temperature difference between air above the earth surface and the underground heat exchange pipe is utilized, water in the air is condensed into small water drops to be stored in the water storage container, irrigation water and photovoltaic panel flushing water are provided for sand-proof plants, and the flushing water is collected in the collecting tank, treated through the backflow device and then flows back to the water storage container. The water in the natural state is used for irrigating the sand prevention plants, the water resource utilization rate is high, and the problem of water resource shortage in the desertification area is solved.

The invention discloses a secondary water supply facility determination method, which comprises the following steps: determining the occupied area of a secondary water supply facility according to reserved space information; according to water supply parameters, a secondary water supply form is determined, and the water supply parameters comprise municipal water pressure, user water use concentration ratio and existing pipeline availability; according to the occupied area of the secondary water supply facility and the secondary water supply form, determining the volume of a water tank and performance parameters of a water pump; the pipeline parameters of the secondary water supply facility are determined according to the volume of the water tank and the performance parameters of the water pump, the specific form and parameters of secondary water supply are reasonably determined through water supply parameters such as municipal water pressure and municipal water consumption, and the effectiveness and pertinence of secondary water supply transformation are improved.

The invention discloses a building water supply and drainage system based on a PLM platform and a forward design method, and relates to the technical field of building water supply and drainage systems. The drainage subsystem is used for draining domestic sewage and rainwater in the building; the fire-fighting detection module is used for detecting the fire condition in the building; the intelligent control module is used for monitoring and controlling the operation states of the water supply subsystem and the water drainage subsystem; the fire-fighting detection module is electrically connected with the intelligent control module, and controls the water supply subsystem to reduce the supply amount of domestic water and increase the supply amount of fire-fighting water when detecting that a fire occurs in the building; and the PLM platform integration module is used for realizing data integration and management in the stages of design, construction and operation and maintenance. Intelligent and integrated management of the building water supply and drainage system is achieved.

The utility model discloses an extraction type riverway water taking device which is characterized in that the extraction type riverway water taking device comprises an impeller and a piston device, the impeller is arranged in the riverway water flow direction, the lower portion of the impeller is immersed under the riverway water surface, and the impeller is in transmission connection with a piston of the piston device and drives the piston device to move in a reciprocating mode. The water inlet end of the piston device is connected below the water surface of the river channel through a water inlet pipe, the water outlet end of the piston device is connected to the sand basin located above through a water outlet pipe, and an overflow water outlet is formed in one side of the sand basin. The water taking device can directly utilize a river water source and water power to take water, is more energy-saving and environment-friendly, and has the advantages of good stability, flexible and adjustable water taking height and the like.

The present application relates to the field of water supply technology, and in particular to a circulating water pump energy efficiency optimization control method and system. It includes: obtaining water supply demand information, which includes the water supply starting point, the water supply end point and the water supply flow information; obtaining the building structure information between the water supply starting point and the water supply end point; determining the total head information according to the height difference between the water supply starting point and the water supply end point; determining at least one water pump combination according to the pump parameter information, the total head information and the water supply flow information of each circulating water pump; determining the candidate water supply path corresponding to each water pump combination with the building structure information as a constraint; for any candidate water supply path, determining the total water supply energy efficiency of the candidate water supply path according to the pipeline information of the candidate water supply path and the working efficiency of each circulating water pump in the candidate water supply path; determining the candidate water supply path with the highest total water supply energy efficiency as the target water supply path.

The present invention discloses an integrated pump gate with automatic cleaning and anti-clogging functions, specifically relating to the field of integrated pump gates, comprising a main frame, a filter screen fixedly provided at the front end of the main frame, a cleaning mechanism provided at the front end of the filter screen, a sedimentation well provided on the inner side of the main frame, a sludge pump provided on one side of the sedimentation well, a motor box fixedly provided on one side of the main frame, and a collection box fixedly provided on the other side of the main frame. The present invention can realize the rotation of the crushing knife and the automatic collection of debris while driving the cleaning plate to move by driving the motor to clean the debris on the filter screen. The collected debris can rise upward, making it convenient for staff to guide the debris out from the upper end of the collection box without stopping the operation of the integrated pump gate, and can squeeze out the granular debris that clogs the filter screen to prevent clogging of the filter screen.

This application provides a constant pressure water supply control method, system, and medium for a standardized secondary water supply pump station. The method includes: acquiring and processing multiple historical water supply data points within a preset time period, including water supply time data, corresponding pump water supply pressure data, and user node water supply pressure data, to obtain the water supply pressure level and corresponding water supply pressure and time; processing this data in conjunction with the user node water supply pressure to obtain the pipeline pressure loss value corresponding to the water supply pressure level; acquiring and processing real-time water supply time point data to obtain the water supply pressure level, corresponding water supply pressure, and pipeline pressure loss value, to obtain the real-time demand water supply pressure of the pump; then implementing water supply and acquiring and processing real-time water supply pressure data from user nodes to obtain a real-time water supply evaluation index; finally, performing threshold comparison and adjusting the water supply mode based on the comparison results; thereby achieving constant pressure water supply and precise control of the secondary water supply while reducing energy consumption.

The utility model relates to a water-saving type park gradient water supplementing device which comprises a supporting part, a water storage tank filled with water is arranged at the top of the supporting part, the input end of a second pump body is communicated with the interior of the water storage tank through a pipeline, and the output end of the second pump body is fixedly connected with a hose. A bottom column and a liquid passing pipe are arranged on the side, away from the water storage tank, of the bottom of the supporting part, one end of a hose communicates with the interior of the liquid passing pipe, a water level sensor is arranged at the bottom end of the bottom column, and the second pump body and the water level sensor are both electrically connected with the controller. According to the utility model, the automatic gradient water replenishing for the park lake or river can be realized, and the water resource is effectively saved while the ecology of the park lake or river is ensured.

The invention relates to a tail end constant-pressure water supply strategy adjusting method and system based on AI, and belongs to the technical field of secondary water supply.The constant-pressure water supply strategy adjusting method comprises the steps that the flow of a header pipe and real-time health state data of each running pump are periodically collected; according to the header pipe flow, the dynamic demand lift is calculated, and all feasible pump set combination strategies are generated in combination with the dynamic demand lift and the real-time health state data; the score of each candidate strategy is calculated, the candidate strategy with the highest score is used as a pump set scheduling strategy, the pump with the most matched performance is selected from candidate pump sets corresponding to the pump set scheduling strategy to serve as a frequency conversion main guide pump, and the other pumps serve as frequency conversion auxiliary pumps; according to the set minimum service pressure and the dynamic demand lift, the target pressure of a pump outlet is calculated; and according to the target pressure and the actually-collected pump outlet pressure, the rotating speed of the variable-frequency main guide pump is adjusted. The method has the beneficial effects that the power of the pump set is matched with the actual requirement, so that the operation cost is reduced.