The invention aims to provide a caching method and device for a distributed storage system, and the method comprises the steps: reading a to-be-read file from a caching device if the corresponding to-be-read file is stored in the caching device, and adjusting an LRU index heap; and if there is no corresponding to-be-read file in the cache device, reading the to-be-read file from the underlying storage system based on the guidance of the to-be-read file in the request, storing the to-be-read file in the cache device, and respectively adjusting the LRU index heap and the LFU index heap. According to the invention, the data structure of the LRU and LFU index heap is adopted; due to the fact that the index heap is a complete binary tree, for operations such as element adding, element deletingand list reconstructing, the time complexity is the O(logn) level, through the LRU index heap and the LFU index heap, the operation efficiency is improved, the hit rate of cache equipment can be increased, and therefore the data access performance is improved.