The invention provides a production control system capable of achieving food quality traceability and a food quality traceability method. The control system mainly comprises a code generation device,a feeding device, a first industrial control computer arranged on the feeding device, a frying device, a second industrial control computer arranged on the frying device, a cooling device, a third industrial control computer arranged on the cooling device, a packaging device, a fourth industrial control computer arranged on the packaging device, a labeling device, a fifth industrial control computer communicating with the labeling device, a counter arranged on the packaging device and the code generation device through a field bus, and an information management system connected with the code generation device, the first industrial control computer, the second industrial control computer, the third industrial control computer, the fourth industrial control computer, the fifth industrial control computer and the labeling device through Ethernet or WiFi or Bluetooth or a network cable. The problem that in the prior art, the food quality cannot be effectively controlled and precautioned issolved, when product quality problems occur, product quality traceability can be achieved, problem links can be quickly found, and fake and shoddy products can be identified.