The invention provides an adaptive extraction method of remote sensing image thematic information based on spectrum matching degree. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, artificially selecting a sample region of a thematic ground object, carrying out PPI calculation in the sample region, selecting pixels with maximum purity as end members of the thematic ground object, extracting spectrums of the end members, and subsequently, utilizing whole matching degree indexes which integrate the similarity of distances and shapes among the spectrums to calculate the matching degree of the spectrums between the pixels and the end members on an image; secondly, adaptively determining the segmentation threshold of a spectrum matching degree image by using an image histogram automatic segmentation method, so as to obtain initial separation of the thematic ground object and the whole background; and next, carrying out statistic segmentation on the gray level mean value and standard deviation of thematic ground object pixels, adaptively determining the threshold of region growth, traversing the thematic ground object pixels and taking the thematic ground object pixels as seed points to carry out region growth; and finally, in a grown thematic ground object local unit, adopting an iteration method to carry out adaptive local classification to continuously approach a real thematic ground object boundary, thereby obtaining a final refined ground object extraction result.