The invention relates to a construction method of a tunnel to cross an airport runway by a shield method, which comprises the following steps of: 1, design optimization, which comprises optimizing an axis line of the tunnel, unifying sedimentation control standards, designing special lining rings and optimizing lining waterproof performance; 2, optimization of shield equipment, which comprises optimizing synchronous grouting slurry and grouting equipment, optimizing synchronous grouting holes, and tapping a shield machine; 3, construction monitoring, which comprises measuring water level manually, automatically monitoring surface sedimentation of the runway and automatically monitoring sedimentation of shoulder of a road; 4, crossing airport runway by a shield, which comprises dividing phase control regions, setting an earth pressure, controlling advancing volume of excavated earth, improving soil body, controlling advance rate, grouting synchronously, assembling tunnel lining duct pieces, and grouting secondarily after shield crossing. The method not only realizes construction of crossing the airport runway by the shield method, but also guarantees the normal operation of the airport.