The invention discloses a device and method for monitoring the evolution and distribution of a mining-induced fracture. Generation, evolution and distribution of the mining-induced fracture are monitored through a method of monitoring acoustic wave or vibration generated in fracture of coal or rock. The device mainly comprises an anti-explosion acoustic wave monitor, an anti-explosion power source and a ground monitoring analysis center, wherein the anti-explosion acoustic wave monitor consists of a sonic sensor and a signal conversion and data acquisition instrument; the sonic sensor is arranged on a roadway base plate, an anchor rod tail end or a drill hole; and an acoustic wave or vibration signal monitored by the sonic sensor is collected and processed by the signal conversion and data collection instrument, and is transmitted to the ground monitoring analysis center through an optical fiber port to be subjected to processing, positioning and quantitative analyzing and be labeled on a plane, a cross section or a space diagram according to the position and size, so as to show the position and size of the fracture. The device and method provided by the invention has the beneficial effects of large monitoring range, a large amount of comprehensive monitoring information, high automation degree, strong instantaneity and capability of being applied to monitoring and forecastingthe coal rock dynamic disasters, such as rock burst, and outburst and water burst of coal and gas and the like.