The invention relates to a quick-response stepping motor pole speed drive system and method. A stepping motor is connected to an incremental encoder through a synchronous rotation mechanism, and the incremental encoder is connected with a controller. When the stepping motor rotates one step angle, the incremental encoder feeds back one or more signals to the controller correspondingly, and the controller takes the feedback signal as a signal that the stepping motor rotates a next step angle. Because the encoder is high in speed of feeding back the signal, the motor nearly can receive feedback signals of a plurality of encoders at the same time after the motor rotates one step angle, thereby driving the next step angle. The method can enable the stepping motor not to lose a step during high-frequency operation, greatly reduces the transmission error of the industrial control field, improves the utilization rate of the stepping motor, guarantees the control precision, enlarges the control range of the rotating speed of the motor, is quick in response speed, facilitates the precise positioning, can be widely used in the numerical control machining, and effectively improves the machining precision.