43 results about "Significant figures" patented technology

Methods and systems in accordance with the present invention efficiently validate digital certificates by answering Online Certificate Status Protocol (“OCSP”) requests without Certificate Revocation Lists (“CRL”). During validation of digital certificates, these methods and systems speed transmission, reduce required bandwidth and reduce required data storage by eliminating the need for the transmission of lengthy CRLs from a Certificate Authority (“CA”) when verifying a digital certificate from a client. In one implementation, they send a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (“LDAP”) database query to a CA directory server to determine and pinpoint the existence of a valid digital certificate and check its validity without receiving a long list of data, such as a CRL, from a CA. The CA directory server returns the query result, and the database query in the CA directory server is performed faster than using an entire CRL, and furthermore, the transmission of the database query result is a small piece of information and does not require the large amounts of data transmission bandwidth and storage as required with transmitting CRL's.

a round-far-reround mode (preferably in a BID encoded Decimal format) of a floating point instruction prepares a result for later rounding to a variable number of digits by detecting that the least significant digit may be a 0, and if so changing it to 1 when the trailing digits are not all 0. A subsequent reround instruction is then able to round the result to any number of digits at least 2 fewer than the number of digits of the result. An optional embodiment saves a tag indicating the fact that the low order digit of the result is 0 or 5 if the trailing bits are non-zero in a tag field rather than modify the result. Another optional embodiment also saves a half-way-and-above indicator when the trailing digits represent a decimal with a most significant digit having a value of 5. An optional subsequent rewound instruction is able to round the result to any number of digits fewer or equal, to the number of digits of the result using the saved tags.

A digital data coding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. The coding method includes the steps of representing respective digital data by digits of a predetermined same number, and coding the digital data represented by digits of the same number by a predetermined coding method from the uppermost significant digit sequence to the least significant digit sequence. The method for decoding digital data coded in the order of significance by rating the significance of digits of the digital data, includes the steps of analyzing significance of coded digital data, and decoding the analyzed digital data from upper significant digits to lower significant digits by a predetermined decoding method. Even if some bitstreams are lost or damaged by coding important information first, deterioration in audio quality can be reduced.

A computing device (40) comprises an electrical circuit and a software application. A display screen (138) and an input device (140) are electrically coupled to the electrical circuit. The software application provides instructions to determine the number of significant figures for a number entered via the input device, and simultaneously display on the display screen the entered number along with the number of significant figures for the entered number, and/or the software application provides instructions to calculate a floating point answer for a mathematical operation entered for one or more numbers entered into the computing device, round the floating point answer to the proper precision or to the proper number of significant figures, determine the number of significant figures for the rounded answer, and simultaneously display on the display the rounded answer and its number of significant figures.

A data processing apparatus and method are provided for multiplying first and second n-bit significands of first and second floating point operands to produce an n-bit result. The data processing apparatus comprises multiplier logic operable to multiply the first and second n-bit significands to produce a pair of 2n-bit vectors. Half adder logic is then arranged to produce a plurality of carry and sum bits representing a corresponding plurality of most significant bits of the pair of 2n-bit vectors. The first adder logic then performs a first sum operation in order to generate a first rounded result equivalent to the addition of the pair of 2n-bit vectors with a rounding increment injected at a first predetermined rounding position appropriate for a non-overflow condition. To achieve this, the first adder logic uses as the m most significant bits of the pair of 2n-bit vectors the corresponding m carry and sum bits, the least significant of the m carry bits being replaced with a rounding increment value prior to the first adder logic performing the first sum operation. Second adder logic is arranged to perform a second sum operation in order to generate a second rounded result equivalent to the addition of the pair of 2n-bit vectors with a rounding increment injected at a second predetermined rounding position appropriate for an overflow condition. To achieve this, the second adder logic uses as the m-1 most significant bits of the pair of 2n-bit vectors the corresponding m−1 carry and sum bits, with the least significant of the m−1 carry bits being replaced with the rounding increment value prior to the second adder logic performing the second sum operation. The required n-bit result is then derived from either the first rounded result or the second rounded result. The data processing apparatus takes advantage of a property of the half adder form to enable a rounding increment value to be injected prior to performance of the first and second sum operations without requiring full adders to be used to inject the rounding increment value.

The invention discloses a visible light and infrared detection result integration based moving target detection method which is used for solving the technical problem that the existing moving target detection method is poor in detection effect. According to the technical scheme, the visible light and infrared detection result integration based moving target detection method comprises extracting a foreground picture of a visible light image by a ViBe background extraction method; converting the foreground picture to an LUV space for shadow judgment after the foreground picture is obtained; extracting a significant figure of an infrared image by a significance detection method; integrating two detection results and extracting a final moving target. According to the visible light and infrared detection result integration based moving target detection method, the technical problem of the poor target detection effect caused by shadows and illumination intensity environment changes can be effectively solved and the all-weather detection effect can be achieved.

The invention provides an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiving system and an automatic gain control method. The antenna of the system is connected with a band-pass filter, a radio frequency gain amplifier, an orthogonal demodulator, a baseband gain amplifier, a first digital-to-analog converter, a decoder, a frame alignement judging device, an automatic gain controller, a signal power processor, a second digital-to-analog converter, a ogarithmic detector, a band-pass filter in turn, wherein the automatic gain controller is respectively connected with the baseband gain amplifier, the radio frequency gain amplifier, while the first digital-to-analog converter is connected with the frame alignement judging device. The gain control method is that the receiver carries the logarithm demodulation on the received signals, to control the system gain according to the power detecting result and the state of the two modules of frame synchronization and the decoder, to reach the aim of correctly adjusting the system gain. The invention has high detecting precision, small computation complexity, short response time, which is suitable to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiving system and can effectively increase the significant figure of the analog-to-digital converter.

To perform a product-sum operation by adding third data to a product of first data and second data, a floating point multiplier first multiplies the first data by the second data, and a bit string representing a fixed-point part in the multiplication result is divided into a portion representing more significant digits in the fixed-point part and a portion representing less significant digits in the fixed-point part. Then, a floating point adder first adds less significant multiplication result data having a bit string representing the less significant digits as a fixed-point part to the third data, and then adds the addition result to more significant multiplication result data having a bit string representing the more significant digits as a fixed-point part. A rounding process is performed on the two addition results to obtain a result of the product-sum operation.

The invention discloses a method for evaluating degradation degree of alpine grassland based on visual vegetation indexes by using a grassland degradation index. The grassland degradation index (GDI) comprises an integer bit and a significant figure behind the decimal point and has a structure that GDI=(100-C)*28 percent+(100-P)*39 percent+(70-E)*26 percent+(25-H)*7 percent, wherein C is a cover degree, P is a grass yield, E is an edible grass proportion, and H is an edible grass height. During actual application, the cover degree, the biomass liveweight, the edible grass quantity and the edible grass height of a plant community are only determined, so that the GDI can be calculated. The degradation degree of the alpine grassland is judged according to the GDI, when the GDI is less than 13.9, the grassland is non-degraded grassland; when the GDI is 13.9-33.5, the grassland is lightly-degraded grassland; when the GDI is 33.5-52.4, the grassland is medium-degraded grassland; when the GDI is 52.4-68.4, the grassland is seriously-degraded grassland; and when the GDI is more than 68.4, the grassland is extremely-degraded grassland. According to the invention, the degradation condition information of the grassland can be completely expressed, and the degradation degree of the alpine grassland is quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated.

The invention discloses a three-dimensional picture quality objective evaluation method based on three-dimensional visual attention. The method comprises the steps of respectively calculating an original undistorted three-dimensional picture one-eyed figure and an one-eyed figure of an anamorphic three-dimensional picture to be evaluated; calculating significant figures of the two one-eyed figures and an off-centering figure, a foreground figure and a background figure of the original undistorted three-dimensional picture one-eyed figure; obtaining a three-dimensional visual attention image, and merging objective evaluation metric values of all pixel points in the one-eyed figure of the anamorphic three-dimensional picture to be evaluated, and obtaining a picture quality objective evaluation predicted value of the anamorphic three-dimensional picture to be evaluated. The three-dimensional picture quality objective evaluation method based on the three-dimensional visual attention has the advantages that the obtained three-dimensional visual attention image can well reflect influence of space three-dimensional vision information to attention, and an objective evaluation result can be better fit with human vision, so that relevancy of the objective evaluation result and subjective perception is effectively improved.

This invention provides a system and method that can employ a low-instruction-per-second (lower-power), highly parallel processor architecture to perform the low-precision computations. These are aggregated at high-precision by an aggregator. Either a high-precision processor arrangement, or a low-precision processor arrangement, employing soft-ware-based high-precision program instructions performs the less-frequent, generally slower high-precision computations of the aggregated, more-frequent low-precision computations. One final aggregator totals all low-precision computations and another high-precision aggregator totals all high-precision computations. An equal number of low precision computations are used to generate the error value that is subtracted from the low-precision average. A plurality of lower-power processors can be arrayed to provide the low-precision computation function. Alternatively a plurality of SIMD can be used to alternately conduct low-precision computations for a predetermined number of operations and high-precision operations on a fewer number of operations. In an embodiment, aggregation can include summing values within predetermined ranges of orders of magnitude, via an adding tree arrangement, so that significant digits therebetween are preserved.

The invention relates to a low-light-level image target detection method based on texture significance. The method comprises the steps of: firstly, extracting an image roughness characteristic figure, performing binaryzation characteristic treatment, merging regions belonging to the same target, respectively calculating global significance, local significance and position significance, so as to calculate the texture significance and obtain a texture significant figure, and finally, performing image target detection by utilizing the texture significant figure. The method is characterized in that the target detection is performed through the texture significance by utilizing the characteristic of larger difference between low-light-level image target texture and the background. When the method is used for detecting a low-light-level image target, the target contour is good, and the hit rate is high.

A digital signal system (30) for determining an approximate logarithm of a value of x having a base b is described. The system comprises circuitry for storing x as a digital representation, identifying a most significant digit (MSD) of the digital representation, a table for storing a set of predetermined logarithms having the base b, circuitry for addressing the table in response to a first bit group (t) of the set of bits in respective lesser significant bit locations and for outputting a one of the predetermined logarithms corresponding to a first number (l_a) in the set of numbers, and circuitry for outputting the approximate logarithm of the value of x in response to the one of the predetermined logarithms and in response to a function estimation between logarithms at a first and second endpoint.

The invention discloses a method for identifying a natural image and a computer generated image based on DCT (Discrete Cosine Transformation)-domain statistic characteristics. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps of (1) firstly, carrying out gaussian fuzzy processing and dimension reduction processing on an image to be detected, carrying out 8*8 no-repeat DCT on3 channels R, G and B of the image to obtain a 8*8 partitioning DCT coefficient matrix; (2) carrying out statistics on the distribution of a first significant figure of the DCT-domain AC coefficient of each channel to obtain three probability distribution curves; and (3) calculating an average absolute differential of the three probability distribution curves, if the average absolute differential is greater than a set threshold T to prove that the overlapping degree of the three curves is not sufficient, judging the image to be detected as the natural image, otherwise, judging the image to be detected as the computer generated image. Experimental results show that due to the algorithm, the identification accuracy rate of the natural image and the computer generated image is increased. Compared with the existing algorithm, the method has the advantages that the identification rate is higher, the calculating amount is small, the implementation is easy, and the identification accuracy rate reaches 95.22%.

The invention relates to a method for reducing a Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC) bandwidth used for transmitting lists of information to a plurality of meshes of a geographical area comprising at least one base station (4) covering n meshes to allow a User Equipment camping on a given mesh among said plurality of meshes to select an operator and/or an access technology and/or a communication frequency available in said given mesh.

According to the invention, for a given mesh #i (i=2 to n), the base station transmits to said mesh #i an identifier of a predetermined reference mesh and the difference between the list of information intended for said given mesh and the list of information intended for said reference mesh.

Significant Figure: FIG. 2

An intelligent selection and representation method for significant digits of a significant figure operational result includes the steps: firstly, searching each character in a numeric expression from left to right, acquiring adding and subtracting items with '+' or '-' serving as a breakpoint, acquiring multiplying and dividing items in each adding and subtracting item with '*' or '/' serving as a breakpoint, and acquiring power base items of each multiplying and dividing item with '^' serving as a breakpoint; secondly, performing trigonometric function and logarithm operation, selecting the significant digits of the operational result, and utilizing a selection result to substitute for an original trigonometric function or logarithm function expression; thirdly, counting significant digits of multiplying and dividing data and power base data in each adding and subtracting item, wherein the minimum digits are the significant digits of a result of the data after multiplication, division and power operation, and the operational expression only including addition and subtraction is obtained after multiplication, division and power operation; and fourthly, unifying the exponential form of scientific notation of all the adding and subtracting data, counting error digits of all the data, and obtaining error digits of significant figures. The intelligent selection and representation method adopts intelligent selection, is effectively applicable to occasions for processing massive data and with random digits, and is high in applicability.

A decimal multiplication mechanism for fixed and floating point computation in a computer having a coefficient mechanism without resulting leading zero detection (LZD) and process which assumes that the final product will be M+N digits in length and performs all calculations based on this assumption. Least significant digits that would be truncated are no longer stored, but retained as sticky information which is used to finalize the result product. Once the computation of the product is complete, a final check based on the examination of key bits observed during partial product accumulation is used to determine if the final product is truly M+N digits in length, or M+N−1 digits. If the latter is true, then corrective final product shifting is employed to obtain the proper result. This eliminates the need for dedicated leading zero detection hardware used to determine the number of significant digits in the final product. The corrective final product shifting also incorporates adjustments to the coefficient of the product when the product's exponent is at its extremes and the final product must be brought to be within the precision and range of a given format.