The invention discloses a silk fibroin/stem cell compounded microsphere and application thereof. The silk fibroin/stem cell compounded microsphere is prepared with the following method: silk fibroin microsphere suspension and stem cell suspension are sufficiently mixed, and then placed in a sterile culture dish and cultured in a cell incubator in conditions that the temperature is 37 DEG C, CO2 content is 5 percent, and the saturated humidity is 100 percent, a culture solution is changed every 3 days, and culture is performed till silk fibroin microsphere and stem cells are compounded to form a cell microsphere. Urethra tissue engineering filler constructed through an ADSCs composite silk fibroin microsphere is used for curing SUI rat, on one hand, by injecting the silk fibroin microsphere, supporting and filling are provided for vesical necks, and an instant treatment effect is produced; on the other hand, regeneration of local muscle and nerves is promoted and the structural and functional defects of urethral sphincter are improved through the transplantation of ADSCs compounded on the silk fibroin microsphere and subsequent cell differentiation and multiplication to improve the urine control ability of urethral sphincter, so that the lasting treatment effect is achieved.