The invention discloses a rape and wheat all-purpose seeder and belongs to the technical field of seeders in agricultural machinery. The rape and wheat all-purpose seeder is characterized by comprising front furrow plough combination, rear furrow plough combination, a land wheel assembly, main frame combination, rotary tillage roller combination, suspension bracket combination, a central gearbox assembly, a fertilizer box assembly, a negative pressure main pipe, a positive pressure main pipe, an air pump assembly, a right seeder unit assembly, a left seeder unit assembly, middle transition shaft combination, auxiliary frame combination, double-disc opener fixing beam combination, a double-disc opener and pressing roller combination. The seeder has multiple functions of completing multiple processes of rotary tillage, stubble cleaning, ditching, effective fertilizing, seeding, pressing, and the like in one-step operation. The seeder is widely applicable to dry land operation and can be satisfactory to rice stubble field planting agronomic requirements. The rape and wheat all-purpose seeder is convenient to use, reliable in performance, high in work efficiency and capable of realizing fine-quantity seeding of the rape and direct seeding of crops such as the wheat.