The invention discloses a device and a method for measuring the thermal dose of a target object in an explosion transient temperature field, and aims to overcome the defects that the conventional measuring device and method are susceptible to electromagnetic interference, complex in system, required to be assisted by electrical measurement equipment and insufficient in precision. The device is composed of a sealing shell, a heated panel, n3 heat conduction metal pipes, a heat insulation component 4 and n3 shape memory alloy springs. The shape memory alloy spring is made of one-way shape memory alloy. The thermal dose parameter in the thermal effect is quantitatively converted into the spring deformation by utilizing the thermal deformation characteristic of the shape memory alloy spring, so that rapid quantitative measurement of the explosion thermal effect is realized. The measuring device is simple in structure, low in cost, capable of being repeatedly used, high in anti-electromagnetic interference capacity, convenient in result post-processing and high in measuring precision, can be used for rapid quantitative measurement of the transient temperature field under different regional conditions, and provides a new reference choice for thermal dose measurement of the temperature field.