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This invention relates to a DC circuit breaker that adaptively adjusts the current-limiting inductor based on fault current. It includes at least two parallel branches, each branch consisting of a first current limiter, a variable inductor, and a second current limiter connected in series. A switch control circuit is connected in parallel to the first and second current limiters. One end of multiple first current limiters and one end of multiple second current limiters are connected in parallel. The anode of a thyristor is connected between the variable inductor and the second current limiter in the previous branch of the two adjacent branches, and the cathode of the thyristor is connected between the first current limiter and the variable inductor in the next branch of the two adjacent branches. This invention also discloses a current-limiting method for the DC circuit breaker that adaptively adjusts the current-limiting inductor based on fault current. This invention adaptively suppresses the current rise rate, current magnitude, and fault clearance based on the magnitude and rise rate of the fault current in the distribution line, effectively improving fault handling efficiency and the operational safety of the distribution line.