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The invention relates to the technical field of welding quality online monitoring, and discloses an exothermic welding quality monitoring method based on sensing data. Arranging a temperature sensor at a welding station to be aligned with a heat release center, and collecting a calibration temperature and an original voltage sample to generate a conversion slope and an intercept; determining sampling starting and ending according to starting and working step ending signals, forming a voltage sequence according to a sampling interval, converting temperature, generating temperature rise by taking the first temperature as a reference, and normalizing the temperature rise; self-adaptive triangular smoothing is carried out according to the number of sampling points, a computable interval is limited, and differential change rate and local second-order bending rate energy samples are constructed; samples are sorted to obtain self-baseline statistics, an abnormal index, a quality value and an abnormal time period are generated in combination with maximum energy, and a quality grade is output and filed. Cross-device comparability is achieved, noise is resisted, invalid sampling is reduced, and compared with a peak value method, process abnormity is easier to recognize and locate and traceability is achieved.