The invention discloses a preparation method of a rock bolt system based on a fiber reinforced plastic bolt and an ultrahigh-performance cement-based bonding and anchoring medium. The preparation method comprises the following implementation steps of: 1, determining a bolt material and an anchoring and bonding medium; 2, designing an anchor system; 3, anchoring two ends of a bolt by using an anchorage device; 4, performing delivery inspection on the bolt; 5, mounting the rock bolt system on site; 6, tensioning the bolt; and 7, sealing an anchor. According to the rock bolt system, the fiber reinforced plastic is taken as the bolt, an ultrahigh-performance cement-based material is taken as a bonding medium at two ends, a group anchor specially designed serves as an overground anchor and an underground anchor-taper cap combination, excellent characteristics of the two high-performance materials are exerted, and a problem of low durability due to steel bar corrosion and grouting ageing in the conventional rock bolt system is solved. The rock bolt system is safe, reliable and high-efficiency, and has good physical properties and a wide application prospect.