The invention discloses a kit for rapidly detecting the content of zilpaterol in food and a detection method, and belongs to the technical field of detection, the kit comprises a detection card, an ID chip card and a specification, the detection card is composed of a test strip and a plastic clamping piece, and the test strip comprises 0.5 mg/mL of DNP-BSA and 1 mg/mL of zilpaterol antigen. A quantum dot fluorescence labeling technology and a competitive immunochromatography principle are adopted, a zilpaterol antigen is coated on a certain zone on a nitrocellulose membrane, after a sample is added into a sample adding hole, the sample moves forwards along the membrane due to the capillary action, and when the sample moves to a zone fixed with an antibody, the nitrocellulose membrane is fixed with the zilpaterol antigen. According to the present invention, the corresponding antigen in the sample competes with the antigen, and the quantum dot can make the region not display the fluorescence signal so as to achieve the specific immunodiagnosis, the detection needs to be equipped with the corresponding instrument, the instrument price is low, the size is small, the operation is simple and convenient, the bedside detection can be achieved, the time consumption is about 3-10 min, the sensitivity is high, and the sample consumption is low.