The invention discloses a transmission device of a self-locking straight chain. The transmission device comprises the straight chain, a chain wheel and a machine case. The chain wheel is arranged in the machine case, the straight chain penetrates through the machine case, the straight chain comprises an outer chain plate and an inner chain plate, the outer chain plate and the inner chain plate are each provided with a flat plate, guide columns are arranged on the flat plates, one ends of the guide columns are connected with spring sleeves, the guide columns are sleeved with springs, and the spring sleeves are matched with pin shafts. According to the transmission device of the self-locking straight chain, the two-way anti-bending function is achieved on the straight chain through the flat plates and the guide columns, the springs and the spring sleeves arranged on the flat plates, bending and transmission of the straight chain are achieved through a chain wheel and guide wheels, the bending direction and the bending angle of the straight chain can be controlled, the anti-bending chain can conduct linear transmission or steering transmission, the structure is simple, mounting is convenient, and the application range and the transmission stability of the chain are greatly improved.