The invention discloses a rubber belt conveyor monitoring system with a fault positioning function, and aims to solve the problem that the conventional rubber belt conveyor monitoring system can hardly position faults such as deviation, coal stacking, slippage, tearing, overheat and smog. By the adoption of modular system structures, all modules are combined into a system, and the system adopts a dual-bus network structure; firstly, an RS485 bus automatically distributes addresses to equipment along the line; and after the a rubber belt conveyor has the faults such as deviation, coal stacking, slippage, tearing, overheat and smog, a CAN bus transmits the position where the fault occurs and the type of the fault in real time. The system can monitor an operating state of the rubber belt conveyor in real time and find the fault of the rubber belt conveyor during operation in time, and can precisely position the fault and sound a voice alarm; different protection signals can be output according to the type of the fault, so that the safety protection of the rubber belt conveyor is realized; and the safety, the stability and the continuity of the operation of the rubber belt conveyor are improved.