The invention discloses a high-frequency error detection device and method in the large caliber large relative aperture non-spherical mirror, the device including the five-axis movement adjustment platform with the interferometer focusing platform, the side swing reflecting mirror side swing platform located in front of the interferometer focusing platform, and the measured non-spherical mirror 3D movement adjustment platform located below the side swing reflection mirror side swing platform, and the multiple points supporting machine with the laser wave surface interferometer, the side swing reflection mirrors, and the measured non-spherical mirror installed on the corresponding platforms, and the main control computer with built-in detection data-processing algorithm program connecting with the laser wave surface interferometer. The device uses the main control computer to process the detection data-processing algorithm, which can combine the detected multiple part regions error surface maps into error surface map with medium or high frequency in full caliber, including the initial pose determining method, the overlapping regional data extraction algorithm and the regional data stitching algorithm. The invention is a high-frequency error detection device and method with low-cost, high-precision, high-efficiency in the large caliber large relative aperture non-spherical mirror.